Introduction
Variation attributable to the virus
Initial exposure
Virulence
Variation attributable to the host
Previous exposure to IAV
Host demographics
Pregnancy
Obesity
Age
Host genetics
Inborn errors of immunity
IRF7
IRF9
GATA2
Population genetic studies
Gene | Gene name | Function | SNP | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Entry factors/cell membrane | ||||
IFITM3 | Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 | Antiviral | rs12252-C | |
rs34481144-A | [67] | |||
CD55 | Complement decay-accelerating factor precursor 55 | Inhibition of complement activation | rs2564978 T/T | |
TMPRSS2 | Transmembrane protease, serine 2 | Serine protease | rs2070788 GG | |
GLDC | Glycine decarboxylase | Component of the glycine cleavage system | rs1755609-G | [80] |
LGALS1 | Galectin-1 | Cell-cell interactions | rs4820294 | [82] |
rs2899292 | [82] | |||
rs4820294 | [82] | |||
ST3GAL1 (*) | ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 | Transfer of sialic acids to galactose-containing substrates | rs113350588 | [90] |
rs1048479 | [90] | |||
TNFA (*) | Tumour necrosis factor alpha | Inflammation and immune signalling | rs361525-A | [91] |
TLR3 (*) | Toll-like Receptor 3 | Pathogen recognition | rs5743313-CT | [92] |
rs5743313-CC | [72] | |||
Surfactant proteins | ||||
SP-A2 (*) | Pulmonary-surfactant associated protein A2 | Pathogen binding and immune signalling | rs1965708-C | [89] |
rs1059046-A | [89] | |||
SP-B | Pulmonary-surfactant associated protein B | Pathogen binding and immune signalling | rs1130866 | [77] |
Interleukins | ||||
IL1A (*) | Interleukin 1 alpha | Inflammation and immune signalling | rs17561-T | [84] |
IL1B (*) | Interleukin 1 beta | Inflammation and immune signalling | rs1143627-C | [84] |
rs16944-AG | [85] | |||
rs3136558-TC | [85] | |||
IL28B | Interleukin 28 b, IFN-λ 3 | Immunomodulation | rs8099917-TT | [86] |
IL17 (*) | Interleukin 17 | Inflammation and immune signalling | rs2275913 (GG and AG) | [87] |
IL6 (*) | Interleukin 6 | Inflammation and immune signalling | rs1818879-(GA and GG) |