Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Virchows Archiv 4/2016

27.11.2015 | Review and Perspectives

Tumour budding in colorectal cancer: what do we know and what can we do?

verfasst von: Linde De Smedt, Sofie Palmans, Xavier Sagaert

Erschienen in: Virchows Archiv | Ausgabe 4/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Budding is a process during which individual or small clusters of up to five tumour cells detach from the main tumour mass and invade into the surrounding stroma. In colorectal cancer, this feature is observed in 20–40 % of cases and is associated with lymphovascular invasion, lymph node and distant metastases, and poor prognosis. A variety of scoring systems for budding have been proposed but so far a gold standard is lacking, hampering implementation of a budding score in guidelines for pathological examination of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, little is known about the mechanisms which cause tumour cells to detach from the main tumour mass and obtain increased invasive potential. In this review, we present an overview of tumour budding including its definition, scoring systems, prognostic relevance and biological mechanisms involved.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Imai T (1954) The growth of human carcinoma. A morphological analysis. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 45:13–43 Imai T (1954) The growth of human carcinoma. A morphological analysis. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 45:13–43
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Morodomi T, Isomoto H, Shirouzu K, Kakegawa K, Irie K, Morimatsu M (1989) An index for estimating the probability of lymph node metastasis in rectal cancers. Lymph node metastasis and the histopathology of actively invasive regions of cancer. Cancer 63:539–543CrossRefPubMed Morodomi T, Isomoto H, Shirouzu K, Kakegawa K, Irie K, Morimatsu M (1989) An index for estimating the probability of lymph node metastasis in rectal cancers. Lymph node metastasis and the histopathology of actively invasive regions of cancer. Cancer 63:539–543CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Hase K, Shatney C, Johnson D, Trollope M, Vierra M (1993) Prognostic value of tumor “budding” in patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 36:627–635CrossRefPubMed Hase K, Shatney C, Johnson D, Trollope M, Vierra M (1993) Prognostic value of tumor “budding” in patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 36:627–635CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ueno H, Murphy J, Jass JR, Mochizuki H, Talbot IC (2002) Tumour ‘budding’ as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancer. Histopathology 40:127–132CrossRefPubMed Ueno H, Murphy J, Jass JR, Mochizuki H, Talbot IC (2002) Tumour ‘budding’ as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancer. Histopathology 40:127–132CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Prall F, Nizze H, Barten M (2005) Tumour budding as prognostic factor in stage I/II colorectal carcinoma. Histopathology 47:17–24CrossRefPubMed Prall F, Nizze H, Barten M (2005) Tumour budding as prognostic factor in stage I/II colorectal carcinoma. Histopathology 47:17–24CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Caie PD, Turnbull AK, Farrington SM, Oniscu A, Harrison DJ (2014) Quantification of tumour budding, lymphatic vessel density and invasion through image analysis in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 12:156CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Caie PD, Turnbull AK, Farrington SM, Oniscu A, Harrison DJ (2014) Quantification of tumour budding, lymphatic vessel density and invasion through image analysis in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 12:156CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Puppa G, Senore C, Sheahan K, Vieth M, Lugli A, Zlobec I, Pecori S, Wang LM, Langner C, Mitomi H, et al. (2012) Diagnostic reproducibility of tumour budding in colorectal cancer: a multicentre, multinational study using virtual microscopy. Histopathology 61:562–575PubMed Puppa G, Senore C, Sheahan K, Vieth M, Lugli A, Zlobec I, Pecori S, Wang LM, Langner C, Mitomi H, et al. (2012) Diagnostic reproducibility of tumour budding in colorectal cancer: a multicentre, multinational study using virtual microscopy. Histopathology 61:562–575PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Karamitopoulou E, Zlobec I, Kölzer V, Kondi-Pafiti A, Patsouris ES, Gennatas K, Lugli A (2013) Proposal for a 10-high-power-fields scoring method for the assessment of tumor budding in colorectal cancer. Mod Pathol 26:295–301CrossRefPubMed Karamitopoulou E, Zlobec I, Kölzer V, Kondi-Pafiti A, Patsouris ES, Gennatas K, Lugli A (2013) Proposal for a 10-high-power-fields scoring method for the assessment of tumor budding in colorectal cancer. Mod Pathol 26:295–301CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Koelzer VH, Zlobec I, Berger MD, Cathomas G, Dawson H, Dirschmid K, Hädrich M, Inderbitzin D, Offner F, Puppa G, et al. (2015) Tumor budding in colorectal cancer revisited: results of a multicenter interobserver study. Virchows Arch 466:485–493CrossRefPubMed Koelzer VH, Zlobec I, Berger MD, Cathomas G, Dawson H, Dirschmid K, Hädrich M, Inderbitzin D, Offner F, Puppa G, et al. (2015) Tumor budding in colorectal cancer revisited: results of a multicenter interobserver study. Virchows Arch 466:485–493CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi DH, Sohn DK, Chang HJ, Lim SB, Choi HS, Jeong SY (2009) Indications for subsequent surgery after endoscopic resection of submucosally invasive colorectal carcinomas: a prospective cohort study. Dis Colon Rectum 52:438–445CrossRefPubMed Choi DH, Sohn DK, Chang HJ, Lim SB, Choi HS, Jeong SY (2009) Indications for subsequent surgery after endoscopic resection of submucosally invasive colorectal carcinomas: a prospective cohort study. Dis Colon Rectum 52:438–445CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamauchi H, Togashi K, Kawamura YJ, Horie H, Sasaki J, Tsujinaka S, Yasuda Y, Konishi F (2008) Pathological predictors for lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer. Surg Today 38:905–910CrossRefPubMed Yamauchi H, Togashi K, Kawamura YJ, Horie H, Sasaki J, Tsujinaka S, Yasuda Y, Konishi F (2008) Pathological predictors for lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer. Surg Today 38:905–910CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Losi L, Ponti G, Gregorio CD, Marino M, Rossi G, Pedroni M, Benatti P, Roncucci L, de Leon MP (2006) Prognostic significance of histological features and biological parameters in stage I (pT1 and pT2) colorectal adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 202:663–670CrossRefPubMed Losi L, Ponti G, Gregorio CD, Marino M, Rossi G, Pedroni M, Benatti P, Roncucci L, de Leon MP (2006) Prognostic significance of histological features and biological parameters in stage I (pT1 and pT2) colorectal adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 202:663–670CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang HS, Liang WY, Lin TC, Chen WS, Jiang JK, Yang SH, Chang SC, Lin JK (2005) Curative resection of T1 colorectal carcinoma: risk of lymph node metastasis and long-term prognosis. Dis Colon Rectum 48:1182–1192CrossRefPubMed Wang HS, Liang WY, Lin TC, Chen WS, Jiang JK, Yang SH, Chang SC, Lin JK (2005) Curative resection of T1 colorectal carcinoma: risk of lymph node metastasis and long-term prognosis. Dis Colon Rectum 48:1182–1192CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Okuyama T, Nakamura T, Yamaguchi M (2003) Budding is useful to select high-risk patients in stage II well-differentiated or moderately differentiated colon adenocarcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 46:1400–1406CrossRefPubMed Okuyama T, Nakamura T, Yamaguchi M (2003) Budding is useful to select high-risk patients in stage II well-differentiated or moderately differentiated colon adenocarcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 46:1400–1406CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamura T, Mitomi H, Kanazawa H, Ohkura Y, Watanabe M (2008) Tumor budding as an index to identify high-risk patients with stage II colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 51:568–572CrossRefPubMed Nakamura T, Mitomi H, Kanazawa H, Ohkura Y, Watanabe M (2008) Tumor budding as an index to identify high-risk patients with stage II colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 51:568–572CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanaka M, Hashiguchi Y, Ueno H, Hase K, Mochizuki H (2003) Tumor budding at the invasive margin can predict patients at high risk of recurrence after curative surgery for stage II, T3 colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 46:1054–1059CrossRefPubMed Tanaka M, Hashiguchi Y, Ueno H, Hase K, Mochizuki H (2003) Tumor budding at the invasive margin can predict patients at high risk of recurrence after curative surgery for stage II, T3 colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 46:1054–1059CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Betge J, Kornprat P, Pollheimer MJ, Lindtner RA, Schlemmer A, Rehak P, Vieth M, Langner C (2012) Tumor budding is an independent predictor of outcome in AJCC/UICC stage II colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 19:3706–3712CrossRefPubMed Betge J, Kornprat P, Pollheimer MJ, Lindtner RA, Schlemmer A, Rehak P, Vieth M, Langner C (2012) Tumor budding is an independent predictor of outcome in AJCC/UICC stage II colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 19:3706–3712CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Sy J, Fung CL, Dent OF, Chapuis PH, Bokey L, Chan C (2010) Tumor budding and survival after potentially curative resection of node-positive colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 53:301–307CrossRefPubMed Sy J, Fung CL, Dent OF, Chapuis PH, Bokey L, Chan C (2010) Tumor budding and survival after potentially curative resection of node-positive colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 53:301–307CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Graham RP, Vierkant RA, Tillmans LS, Wang AH, Laird PW, Weisenberger DJ, Lynch CF, French AJ, Slager SL, Raissian Y, et al. (2015) Tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma: confirmation of prognostic significance and histologic cutoff in a population-based cohort. Am J Surg Pathol 39:1340–1346CrossRefPubMed Graham RP, Vierkant RA, Tillmans LS, Wang AH, Laird PW, Weisenberger DJ, Lynch CF, French AJ, Slager SL, Raissian Y, et al. (2015) Tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma: confirmation of prognostic significance and histologic cutoff in a population-based cohort. Am J Surg Pathol 39:1340–1346CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Horcic M, Koelzer VH, Karamitopoulou E, Terracciano L, Puppa G, Zlobec I, Lugli A (2013) Tumor budding score based on 10 high-power fields is a promising basis for a standardized prognostic scoring system in stage II colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 44:697–705CrossRefPubMed Horcic M, Koelzer VH, Karamitopoulou E, Terracciano L, Puppa G, Zlobec I, Lugli A (2013) Tumor budding score based on 10 high-power fields is a promising basis for a standardized prognostic scoring system in stage II colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 44:697–705CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Park KJ, Choi HJ, Roh MS, Kwon HC, Kim C (2005) Intensity of tumor budding and its prognostic implications in invasive colon carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 48:1597–1602CrossRefPubMed Park KJ, Choi HJ, Roh MS, Kwon HC, Kim C (2005) Intensity of tumor budding and its prognostic implications in invasive colon carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 48:1597–1602CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Ha SS, Choi HJ, Park KJ, Kim JM, Kim SH, Roh YH, Kwon HC, Roh MS (2005) Intensity of tumor budding as an index for the malignant potential in invasive rectal carcinoma. Cancer Res Treat 37:177–182CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ha SS, Choi HJ, Park KJ, Kim JM, Kim SH, Roh YH, Kwon HC, Roh MS (2005) Intensity of tumor budding as an index for the malignant potential in invasive rectal carcinoma. Cancer Res Treat 37:177–182CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Langner C, Harbaum L, Pollheimer MJ, Kornprat P, Lindtner RA, Schlemmer A, Vieth M, Rehak P (2012) Mucinous differentiation in colorectal cancer—indicator of poor prognosis? Histopathology 60:1060–1072CrossRefPubMed Langner C, Harbaum L, Pollheimer MJ, Kornprat P, Lindtner RA, Schlemmer A, Vieth M, Rehak P (2012) Mucinous differentiation in colorectal cancer—indicator of poor prognosis? Histopathology 60:1060–1072CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohtsuki K, Koyama F, Tamura T, Enomoto Y, Fujii H, Mukogawa T, Nakagawa T, Uchimoto K, Nakamura S, Nonomura A, Nakajima Y (2008) Prognostic value of immunohistochemical analysis of tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma. Anticancer Res 28:1831–1836PubMed Ohtsuki K, Koyama F, Tamura T, Enomoto Y, Fujii H, Mukogawa T, Nakagawa T, Uchimoto K, Nakamura S, Nonomura A, Nakajima Y (2008) Prognostic value of immunohistochemical analysis of tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma. Anticancer Res 28:1831–1836PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Wöhlke M, Schiffmann L, Prall F (2011) Aggressive colorectal carcinoma phenotypes of invasion can be assessed reproducibly and effectively predict poor survival: interobserver study and multivariate survival analysis of a prospectively collected series of 299 patients after potentially curative resections with long-term follow-up. Histopathology 59:857–866CrossRefPubMed Wöhlke M, Schiffmann L, Prall F (2011) Aggressive colorectal carcinoma phenotypes of invasion can be assessed reproducibly and effectively predict poor survival: interobserver study and multivariate survival analysis of a prospectively collected series of 299 patients after potentially curative resections with long-term follow-up. Histopathology 59:857–866CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Zlobec I, Hädrich M, Dawson H, Koelzer VH, Borner M, Mallaev M, Schnüriger B, Inderbitzin D, Lugli A (2014) Intratumoural budding (ITB) in preoperative biopsies predicts the presence of lymph node and distant metastases in colon and rectal cancer patients. Br J Cancer 110:1008–1013CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zlobec I, Hädrich M, Dawson H, Koelzer VH, Borner M, Mallaev M, Schnüriger B, Inderbitzin D, Lugli A (2014) Intratumoural budding (ITB) in preoperative biopsies predicts the presence of lymph node and distant metastases in colon and rectal cancer patients. Br J Cancer 110:1008–1013CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu H, Zhang X, Li J, Sun B, Qian H, Yin Z (2015) The biological and clinical importance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in circulating tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 141:189–201CrossRefPubMed Liu H, Zhang X, Li J, Sun B, Qian H, Yin Z (2015) The biological and clinical importance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in circulating tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 141:189–201CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Peng Z, Wang CX, Fang EH, Wang GB, Tong Q (2014) Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer initiation and progression. World J Gastroenterol 20:5403–5410CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Peng Z, Wang CX, Fang EH, Wang GB, Tong Q (2014) Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer initiation and progression. World J Gastroenterol 20:5403–5410CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Zlobec I, Lugli A, Baker K, Roth S, Minoo P, Hayashi S, Terracciano L, Jass JR (2007) Role of APAF-1, E-cadherin and peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration in tumour budding in colorectal cancer. J Pathol 212:260–268CrossRefPubMed Zlobec I, Lugli A, Baker K, Roth S, Minoo P, Hayashi S, Terracciano L, Jass JR (2007) Role of APAF-1, E-cadherin and peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration in tumour budding in colorectal cancer. J Pathol 212:260–268CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Talbot LJ, Bhattacharya SD, Kuo PC (2012) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the tumor microenvironment, and metastatic behavior of epithelial malignancies. Int J Biochem Mol Biol 3:117–136PubMedPubMedCentral Talbot LJ, Bhattacharya SD, Kuo PC (2012) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the tumor microenvironment, and metastatic behavior of epithelial malignancies. Int J Biochem Mol Biol 3:117–136PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Zlobec I, Lugli A (2010) Epithelial mesenchymal transition and tumor budding in aggressive colorectal cancer: tumor budding as oncotarget. Oncotarget 1:651–661CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zlobec I, Lugli A (2010) Epithelial mesenchymal transition and tumor budding in aggressive colorectal cancer: tumor budding as oncotarget. Oncotarget 1:651–661CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zurück zum Zitat García-Solano J, Conesa-Zamora P, Trujillo-Santos J, Torres-Moreno D, Mäkinen MJ, Pérez-Guillermo M (2012) Immunohistochemical expression profile of β-catenin, E-cadherin, P-cadherin, laminin-5γ2 chain, and SMAD4 in colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 43:1094–1102CrossRefPubMed García-Solano J, Conesa-Zamora P, Trujillo-Santos J, Torres-Moreno D, Mäkinen MJ, Pérez-Guillermo M (2012) Immunohistochemical expression profile of β-catenin, E-cadherin, P-cadherin, laminin-5γ2 chain, and SMAD4 in colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 43:1094–1102CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Brabletz T, Jung A, Reu S, Porzner M, Hlubek F, Kunz-Schughart LA, Knuechel R, Kirchner T (2001) Variable beta-catenin expression in colorectal cancers indicates tumor progression driven by the tumor environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:10356–10361CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Brabletz T, Jung A, Reu S, Porzner M, Hlubek F, Kunz-Schughart LA, Knuechel R, Kirchner T (2001) Variable beta-catenin expression in colorectal cancers indicates tumor progression driven by the tumor environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:10356–10361CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Roca F, Mauro LV, Morandi A, Bonadeo F, Vaccaro C, Quintana GO, Specterman S, de Kier Joffé EB, Pallotta MG, Puricelli LI, Lastiri J (2006) Prognostic value of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, MMPs (7 and 9), and TIMPs (1 and 2) in patients with colorectal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 93:151–160CrossRefPubMed Roca F, Mauro LV, Morandi A, Bonadeo F, Vaccaro C, Quintana GO, Specterman S, de Kier Joffé EB, Pallotta MG, Puricelli LI, Lastiri J (2006) Prognostic value of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, MMPs (7 and 9), and TIMPs (1 and 2) in patients with colorectal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 93:151–160CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Pyke C, Salo S, Ralfkiaer E, Rømer J, Danø K, Tryggvason K (1995) Laminin-5 is a marker of invading cancer cells in some human carcinomas and is coexpressed with the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator in budding cancer cells in colon adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 55:4132–4139PubMed Pyke C, Salo S, Ralfkiaer E, Rømer J, Danø K, Tryggvason K (1995) Laminin-5 is a marker of invading cancer cells in some human carcinomas and is coexpressed with the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator in budding cancer cells in colon adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 55:4132–4139PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Guzińska-Ustymowicz K (2006) MMP-9 and cathepsin B expression in tumor budding as an indicator of a more aggressive phenotype of colorectal cancer (CRC). Anticancer Res 26:1589–1594PubMed Guzińska-Ustymowicz K (2006) MMP-9 and cathepsin B expression in tumor budding as an indicator of a more aggressive phenotype of colorectal cancer (CRC). Anticancer Res 26:1589–1594PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Cano A, Pérez-Moreno MA, Rodrigo I, Locascio A, Blanco MJ, del Barrio MG, Portillo F, Nieto MA (2000) The transcription factor snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cadherin expression. Nat Cell Biol 2:76–83CrossRefPubMed Cano A, Pérez-Moreno MA, Rodrigo I, Locascio A, Blanco MJ, del Barrio MG, Portillo F, Nieto MA (2000) The transcription factor snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cadherin expression. Nat Cell Biol 2:76–83CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Batlle E, Sancho E, Francí C, Domínguez D, Monfar M, Baulida J, García De Herreros A (2000) The transcription factor snail is a repressor of E-cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells. Nat Cell Biol 2:84–89CrossRefPubMed Batlle E, Sancho E, Francí C, Domínguez D, Monfar M, Baulida J, García De Herreros A (2000) The transcription factor snail is a repressor of E-cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells. Nat Cell Biol 2:84–89CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat De Craene B, Gilbert B, Stove C, Bruyneel E, van Roy F, Berx G (2005) The transcription factor snail induces tumor cell invasion through modulation of the epithelial cell differentiation program. Cancer Res 65:6237–6244CrossRefPubMed De Craene B, Gilbert B, Stove C, Bruyneel E, van Roy F, Berx G (2005) The transcription factor snail induces tumor cell invasion through modulation of the epithelial cell differentiation program. Cancer Res 65:6237–6244CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Ikenouchi J, Matsuda M, Furuse M, Tsukita S (2003) Regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium-mesenchyme transition: direct repression of the gene expression of claudins/occludin by Snail. J Cell Sci 116:1959–1967CrossRefPubMed Ikenouchi J, Matsuda M, Furuse M, Tsukita S (2003) Regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium-mesenchyme transition: direct repression of the gene expression of claudins/occludin by Snail. J Cell Sci 116:1959–1967CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Yusra SS, Yokozaki H (2012) Biological significance of tumor budding at the invasive front of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 41:201–210PubMed Yusra SS, Yokozaki H (2012) Biological significance of tumor budding at the invasive front of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 41:201–210PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim YH, Kim G, Kwon CI, Kim JW, Park PW, Hahm KB (2014) TWIST1 and SNAI1 as markers of poor prognosis in human colorectal cancer are associated with the expression of ALDH1 and TGF-β1. Oncol Rep 31:1380–1388PubMed Kim YH, Kim G, Kwon CI, Kim JW, Park PW, Hahm KB (2014) TWIST1 and SNAI1 as markers of poor prognosis in human colorectal cancer are associated with the expression of ALDH1 and TGF-β1. Oncol Rep 31:1380–1388PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Vandewalle C, Comijn J, De Craene B, Vermassen P, Bruyneel E, Andersen H, Tulchinsky E, Van Roy F, Berx G (2005) SIP1/ZEB2 induces EMT by repressing genes of different epithelial cell-cell junctions. Nucleic Acids Res 33:6566–6578CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Vandewalle C, Comijn J, De Craene B, Vermassen P, Bruyneel E, Andersen H, Tulchinsky E, Van Roy F, Berx G (2005) SIP1/ZEB2 induces EMT by repressing genes of different epithelial cell-cell junctions. Nucleic Acids Res 33:6566–6578CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Tania M, Khan MA, Fu J (2014) Epithelial to mesenchymal transition inducing transcription factors and metastatic cancer. Tumour Biol 35:7335–7342CrossRefPubMed Tania M, Khan MA, Fu J (2014) Epithelial to mesenchymal transition inducing transcription factors and metastatic cancer. Tumour Biol 35:7335–7342CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Ono H, Imoto I, Kozaki K, Tsuda H, Matsui T, Kurasawa Y, Muramatsu T, Sugihara K, Inazawa J (2012) SIX1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer through ZEB1 activation. Oncogene 31:4923–4934CrossRefPubMed Ono H, Imoto I, Kozaki K, Tsuda H, Matsui T, Kurasawa Y, Muramatsu T, Sugihara K, Inazawa J (2012) SIX1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer through ZEB1 activation. Oncogene 31:4923–4934CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang GJ, Zhou T, Tian HP, Liu ZL, Xia SS (2013) High expression of ZEB1 correlates with liver metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 5:564–568PubMedPubMedCentral Zhang GJ, Zhou T, Tian HP, Liu ZL, Xia SS (2013) High expression of ZEB1 correlates with liver metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 5:564–568PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Kahlert C, Lahes S, Radhakrishnan P, Dutta S, Mogler C, Herpel E, Brand K, Steinert G, Schneider M, Mollenhauer M, et al. (2011) Overexpression of ZEB2 at the invasion front of colorectal cancer is an independent prognostic marker and regulates tumor invasion in vitro. Clin Cancer Res 17:7654–7663CrossRefPubMed Kahlert C, Lahes S, Radhakrishnan P, Dutta S, Mogler C, Herpel E, Brand K, Steinert G, Schneider M, Mollenhauer M, et al. (2011) Overexpression of ZEB2 at the invasion front of colorectal cancer is an independent prognostic marker and regulates tumor invasion in vitro. Clin Cancer Res 17:7654–7663CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Galván JA, Astudillo A, Vallina A, Crespo G, Folgueras MV, González MV (2014) Prognostic and diagnostic value of epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. BMC Cancer 14:855CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Galván JA, Astudillo A, Vallina A, Crespo G, Folgueras MV, González MV (2014) Prognostic and diagnostic value of epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. BMC Cancer 14:855CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Jass JR, Young J, Leggett BA (2002) Evolution of colorectal cancer: change of pace and change of direction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:17–26CrossRefPubMed Jass JR, Young J, Leggett BA (2002) Evolution of colorectal cancer: change of pace and change of direction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:17–26CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Dawson H, Lugli A (2015) Molecular and pathogenetic aspects of tumor budding in colorectal cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2:11 Dawson H, Lugli A (2015) Molecular and pathogenetic aspects of tumor budding in colorectal cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2:11
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Sánchez-Tilló E, de Barrios O, Siles L, Cuatrecasas M, Castells A, Postigo A (2011) β-Catenin/TCF4 complex induces the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-activator ZEB1 to regulate tumor invasiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:19204–19209CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sánchez-Tilló E, de Barrios O, Siles L, Cuatrecasas M, Castells A, Postigo A (2011) β-Catenin/TCF4 complex induces the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-activator ZEB1 to regulate tumor invasiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:19204–19209CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Brabletz T, Jung A, Hermann K, Günther K, Hohenberger W, Kirchner T (1998) Nuclear overexpression of the oncoprotein beta-catenin in colorectal cancer is localized predominantly at the invasion front. Pathol Res Pract 194:701–704CrossRefPubMed Brabletz T, Jung A, Hermann K, Günther K, Hohenberger W, Kirchner T (1998) Nuclear overexpression of the oncoprotein beta-catenin in colorectal cancer is localized predominantly at the invasion front. Pathol Res Pract 194:701–704CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Jung A, Schrauder M, Oswald U, Knoll C, Sellberg P, Palmqvist R, Niedobitek G, Brabletz T, Kirchner T (2001) The invasion front of human colorectal adenocarcinomas shows co-localization of nuclear beta-catenin, cyclin D1, and p16INK4A and is a region of low proliferation. Am J Pathol 159:1613–1617CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jung A, Schrauder M, Oswald U, Knoll C, Sellberg P, Palmqvist R, Niedobitek G, Brabletz T, Kirchner T (2001) The invasion front of human colorectal adenocarcinomas shows co-localization of nuclear beta-catenin, cyclin D1, and p16INK4A and is a region of low proliferation. Am J Pathol 159:1613–1617CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Gavert N, Conacci-Sorrell M, Gast D, Schneider A, Altevogt P, Brabletz T, Ben-Ze’ev A (2005) L1, a novel target of beta-catenin signaling, transforms cells and is expressed at the invasive front of colon cancers. J Cell Biol 168:633–642CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gavert N, Conacci-Sorrell M, Gast D, Schneider A, Altevogt P, Brabletz T, Ben-Ze’ev A (2005) L1, a novel target of beta-catenin signaling, transforms cells and is expressed at the invasive front of colon cancers. J Cell Biol 168:633–642CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Gendi S, Al-Gendi A (2011) Assessment of tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma: correlation with β-catenin nuclear expression. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 23:1–9CrossRefPubMed El-Gendi S, Al-Gendi A (2011) Assessment of tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma: correlation with β-catenin nuclear expression. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 23:1–9CrossRefPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Hörkkö TT, Klintrup K, Mäkinen JM, Näpänkangas JB, Tuominen HJ, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ, Mäkinen MJ (2006) Budding invasive margin and prognosis in colorectal cancer—no direct association with beta-catenin expression. Eur J Cancer 42:964–971CrossRefPubMed Hörkkö TT, Klintrup K, Mäkinen JM, Näpänkangas JB, Tuominen HJ, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ, Mäkinen MJ (2006) Budding invasive margin and prognosis in colorectal cancer—no direct association with beta-catenin expression. Eur J Cancer 42:964–971CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Gao ZH, Lu C, Wang MX, Han Y, Guo LJ (2014) Differential β-catenin expression levels are associated with morphological features and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 8:2069–2076PubMedPubMedCentral Gao ZH, Lu C, Wang MX, Han Y, Guo LJ (2014) Differential β-catenin expression levels are associated with morphological features and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 8:2069–2076PubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen Z, He X, Jia M, Liu Y, Qu D, Wu D, Wu P, Ni C, Zhang Z, Ye J, et al. (2013) β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus predicts progress disease and unfavourable survival in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 8:e63854CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chen Z, He X, Jia M, Liu Y, Qu D, Wu D, Wu P, Ni C, Zhang Z, Ye J, et al. (2013) β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus predicts progress disease and unfavourable survival in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 8:e63854CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Brabletz T, Spaderna S, Kolb J, Hlubek F, Faller G, Bruns CJ, Jung A, Nentwich J, Duluc I, Domon-Dell C, et al. (2004) Down-regulation of the homeodomain factor Cdx2 in colorectal cancer by collagen type I: an active role for the tumor environment in malignant tumor progression. Cancer Res 64:6973–6977CrossRefPubMed Brabletz T, Spaderna S, Kolb J, Hlubek F, Faller G, Bruns CJ, Jung A, Nentwich J, Duluc I, Domon-Dell C, et al. (2004) Down-regulation of the homeodomain factor Cdx2 in colorectal cancer by collagen type I: an active role for the tumor environment in malignant tumor progression. Cancer Res 64:6973–6977CrossRefPubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Sordat I, Bosman FT, Dorta G, Rousselle P, Aberdam D, Blum AL, Sordat B (1998) Differential expression of laminin-5 subunits and integrin receptors in human colorectal neoplasia. J Pathol 185:44–52CrossRefPubMed Sordat I, Bosman FT, Dorta G, Rousselle P, Aberdam D, Blum AL, Sordat B (1998) Differential expression of laminin-5 subunits and integrin receptors in human colorectal neoplasia. J Pathol 185:44–52CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Hlubek F, Spaderna S, Jung A, Kirchner T, Brabletz T (2004) Beta-catenin activates a coordinated expression of the proinvasive factors laminin-5 gamma2 chain and MT1-MMP in colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 108:321–326CrossRefPubMed Hlubek F, Spaderna S, Jung A, Kirchner T, Brabletz T (2004) Beta-catenin activates a coordinated expression of the proinvasive factors laminin-5 gamma2 chain and MT1-MMP in colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 108:321–326CrossRefPubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Hlubek F, Jung A, Kotzor N, Kirchner T, Brabletz T (2001) Expression of the invasion factor laminin gamma2 in colorectal carcinomas is regulated by beta-catenin. Cancer Res 61:8089–8093PubMed Hlubek F, Jung A, Kotzor N, Kirchner T, Brabletz T (2001) Expression of the invasion factor laminin gamma2 in colorectal carcinomas is regulated by beta-catenin. Cancer Res 61:8089–8093PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Takahashi M, Tsunoda T, Seiki M, Nakamura Y, Furukawa Y (2002) Identification of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 as a target of the beta-catenin/Tcf4 complex in human colorectal cancers. Oncogene 21:5861–5867CrossRefPubMed Takahashi M, Tsunoda T, Seiki M, Nakamura Y, Furukawa Y (2002) Identification of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 as a target of the beta-catenin/Tcf4 complex in human colorectal cancers. Oncogene 21:5861–5867CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Koshikawa N, Giannelli G, Cirulli V, Miyazaki K, Quaranta V (2000) Role of cell surface metalloprotease MT1-MMP in epithelial cell migration over laminin-5. J Cell Biol 148:615–624CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Koshikawa N, Giannelli G, Cirulli V, Miyazaki K, Quaranta V (2000) Role of cell surface metalloprotease MT1-MMP in epithelial cell migration over laminin-5. J Cell Biol 148:615–624CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Gosens MJ, van Kempen LC, van de Velde CJ, van Krieken JH, Nagtegaal ID (2007) Loss of membranous Ep-CAM in budding colorectal carcinoma cells. Mod Pathol 20:221–232CrossRefPubMed Gosens MJ, van Kempen LC, van de Velde CJ, van Krieken JH, Nagtegaal ID (2007) Loss of membranous Ep-CAM in budding colorectal carcinoma cells. Mod Pathol 20:221–232CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Karamitopoulou E (2013) Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: is tumor budding the missing link? Front Oncol 3:221CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Karamitopoulou E (2013) Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: is tumor budding the missing link? Front Oncol 3:221CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Dawson H, Koelzer VH, Karamitopoulou E, Economou M, Hammer C, Muller DE, Lugli A, Zlobec I (2014) The apoptotic and proliferation rate of tumour budding cells in colorectal cancer outlines a heterogeneous population of cells with various impacts on clinical outcome. Histopathology 64:577–584CrossRefPubMed Dawson H, Koelzer VH, Karamitopoulou E, Economou M, Hammer C, Muller DE, Lugli A, Zlobec I (2014) The apoptotic and proliferation rate of tumour budding cells in colorectal cancer outlines a heterogeneous population of cells with various impacts on clinical outcome. Histopathology 64:577–584CrossRefPubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Koelzer VH, Karamitopoulou E, Dawson H, Kondi-Pafiti A, Zlobec I, Lugli A (2013) Geographic analysis of RKIP expression and its clinical relevance in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 108:2088–2096CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Koelzer VH, Karamitopoulou E, Dawson H, Kondi-Pafiti A, Zlobec I, Lugli A (2013) Geographic analysis of RKIP expression and its clinical relevance in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 108:2088–2096CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Karamitopoulou E, Zlobec I, Gloor B, Kondi-Pafiti A, Lugli A, Perren A (2013) Loss of Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is strongly associated with high-grade tumor budding and correlates with an aggressive phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). J Transl Med 11:311CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Karamitopoulou E, Zlobec I, Gloor B, Kondi-Pafiti A, Lugli A, Perren A (2013) Loss of Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is strongly associated with high-grade tumor budding and correlates with an aggressive phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). J Transl Med 11:311CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Gulhati P, Bowen KA, Liu J, Stevens PD, Rychahou PG, Chen M, Lee EY, Weiss HL, O’Connor KL, Gao T, Evers BM (2011) mTORC1 and mTORC2 regulate EMT, motility, and metastasis of colorectal cancer via RhoA and Rac1 signaling pathways. Cancer Res 71:3246–3256CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gulhati P, Bowen KA, Liu J, Stevens PD, Rychahou PG, Chen M, Lee EY, Weiss HL, O’Connor KL, Gao T, Evers BM (2011) mTORC1 and mTORC2 regulate EMT, motility, and metastasis of colorectal cancer via RhoA and Rac1 signaling pathways. Cancer Res 71:3246–3256CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Hostettler L, Zlobec I, Terracciano L, Lugli A (2010) ABCG5-positivity in tumor buds is an indicator of poor prognosis in node-negative colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 16:732–739CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hostettler L, Zlobec I, Terracciano L, Lugli A (2010) ABCG5-positivity in tumor buds is an indicator of poor prognosis in node-negative colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 16:732–739CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Zlobec I, Minoo P, Terracciano L, Baker K, Lugli A (2011) Characterization of the immunological microenvironment of tumour buds and its impact on prognosis in mismatch repair-proficient and -deficient colorectal cancers. Histopathology 59:482–495CrossRefPubMed Zlobec I, Minoo P, Terracciano L, Baker K, Lugli A (2011) Characterization of the immunological microenvironment of tumour buds and its impact on prognosis in mismatch repair-proficient and -deficient colorectal cancers. Histopathology 59:482–495CrossRefPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Kevans D, Wang LM, Sheahan K, Hyland J, O’Donoghue D, Mulcahy H, O’Sullivan J (2011) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) protein expression in a cohort of stage II colorectal cancer patients with characterized tumor budding and mismatch repair protein status. Int J Surg Pathol 19:751–760CrossRefPubMed Kevans D, Wang LM, Sheahan K, Hyland J, O’Donoghue D, Mulcahy H, O’Sullivan J (2011) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) protein expression in a cohort of stage II colorectal cancer patients with characterized tumor budding and mismatch repair protein status. Int J Surg Pathol 19:751–760CrossRefPubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Lugli A, Karamitopoulou E, Panayiotides I, Karakitsos P, Rallis G, Peros G, Iezzi G, Spagnoli G, Bihl M, Terracciano L, Zlobec I (2009) CD8+ lymphocytes/tumour-budding index: an independent prognostic factor representing a ‘pro-/anti-tumour’ approach to tumour host interaction in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 101:1382–1392CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lugli A, Karamitopoulou E, Panayiotides I, Karakitsos P, Rallis G, Peros G, Iezzi G, Spagnoli G, Bihl M, Terracciano L, Zlobec I (2009) CD8+ lymphocytes/tumour-budding index: an independent prognostic factor representing a ‘pro-/anti-tumour’ approach to tumour host interaction in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 101:1382–1392CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinestel K, Lennerz JK, Eder S, Kraft K, Arndt A (2014) Invasion pattern and histologic features of tumor aggressiveness correlate with MMR protein expression, but are independent of activating KRAS and BRAF mutations in CRC. Virchows Arch 465:155–163CrossRefPubMed Steinestel K, Lennerz JK, Eder S, Kraft K, Arndt A (2014) Invasion pattern and histologic features of tumor aggressiveness correlate with MMR protein expression, but are independent of activating KRAS and BRAF mutations in CRC. Virchows Arch 465:155–163CrossRefPubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Prall F, Ostwald C (2007) High-degree tumor budding and podia-formation in sporadic colorectal carcinomas with K-ras gene mutations. Hum Pathol 38:1696–1702CrossRefPubMed Prall F, Ostwald C (2007) High-degree tumor budding and podia-formation in sporadic colorectal carcinomas with K-ras gene mutations. Hum Pathol 38:1696–1702CrossRefPubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat De Smedt L, Lemahieu J, Palmans S, Govaere O, Tousseyn T, Van Cutsem E, Prenen H, Tejpar S, Spaepen M, Matthijs G, et al. (2015) Microsatellite instable vs stable colon carcinomas: analysis of tumour heterogeneity, inflammation and angiogenesis. Br J Cancer 113:500–509CrossRefPubMed De Smedt L, Lemahieu J, Palmans S, Govaere O, Tousseyn T, Van Cutsem E, Prenen H, Tejpar S, Spaepen M, Matthijs G, et al. (2015) Microsatellite instable vs stable colon carcinomas: analysis of tumour heterogeneity, inflammation and angiogenesis. Br J Cancer 113:500–509CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Tumour budding in colorectal cancer: what do we know and what can we do?
verfasst von
Linde De Smedt
Sofie Palmans
Xavier Sagaert
Publikationsdatum
27.11.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Virchows Archiv / Ausgabe 4/2016
Print ISSN: 0945-6317
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2307
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-015-1886-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2016

Virchows Archiv 4/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Editorial

In this issue

Neu im Fachgebiet Pathologie

Assistierter Suizid durch Infusion von Thiopental

Thiopental Originalie

Als Folge des Urteils des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zur Sterbehilfe im Jahr 2020 wurde in den Jahren 2021–2023 eine Reihe (n = 23) von assistierten Suiziden im Landesinstitut für gerichtliche und soziale Medizin Berlin mit jeweils identischen …

Molekularpathologische Untersuchungen im Wandel der Zeit

Open Access Biomarker Leitthema

Um auch an kleinen Gewebeproben zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse zu gewährleisten ist eine strenge Qualitätskontrolle in jedem Schritt des Arbeitsablaufs erforderlich. Eine nicht ordnungsgemäße Prüfung oder Behandlung des …

Vergleichende Pathologie in der onkologischen Forschung

Pathologie Leitthema

Die vergleichende experimentelle Pathologie („comparative experimental pathology“) ist ein Fachbereich an der Schnittstelle von Human- und Veterinärmedizin. Sie widmet sich der vergleichenden Erforschung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden von …

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren

Open Access GIST CME-Artikel

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren (GIST) stellen seit über 20 Jahren ein Paradigma für die zielgerichtete Therapie mit Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren dar. Eine elementare Voraussetzung für eine mögliche neoadjuvante oder adjuvante Behandlung bei …