Sclerosing Polycystic Adenoma: Conclusive Clinical and Molecular Evidence of Its Neoplastic Nature

Sclerosing polycystic adenosis, initially considered a non-neoplastic salivary gland lesion and classified as such in the 2017 WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumors, has been the subject of controversy regarding its possible neoplastic nature. The reporting of recurrent PI3K pathway alteration represents evidence to support these lesions as being neoplastic and more appropriately referred to as sclerosing polycystic adenoma (SPA). Herein, we provide additional evidence that supports the classification of SPA as a true neoplasm. Eight cases of SPA were identified in our database and consultation files. All cases were subjected to PTEN immunohistochemistry (IHC) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). In addition, one patient underwent genetic counseling and germline testing. The cases included 5 men and 3 women with a mean age of 41 years (range 11–78) and all tumors arose in the parotid gland. One patient had multiple recurrences over a period of 2 years. Morphologically the tumors were circumscribed and characterized by an admixture of acini, ducts and cysts embedded in a fibrotic/sclerotic stroma. The cells lining the ducts and cysts showed variable granular, vacuolated, foamy and apocrine cytoplasmic features, as well as acinar cells contained intracytoplasmic brightly eosinophilic granules. The apocrine intraductal proliferations showed mild to moderate atypia in 6 cases. One case showed overt malignant morphology that ranged from intraductal carcinoma to invasive salivary duct carcinoma. Seven cases tested for PTEN IHC showed loss of nuclear expression in the acinar and ductal cells with retained PTEN expression in the myoepithelial cell and stroma. NGS detected PIK3CA or PIK3R1 genetic alterations in 7 cases, including a novel TFG-PIK3CA fusion. Coexisting PTEN mutations were seen in 4 cases, including in a patient with clinical stigmata of Cowden syndrome and confirmed by germline genetic testing. Our findings herein documented including recurrence of tumor, malignant transformation, high prevalence of PI3K pathway oncogenic alterations and the possible heretofore undescribed association with Cowden syndrome add support to classifying SPA as true neoplasms justifying their designation as adenoma, rather than adenosis.