Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt 8/2008

01.08.2008 | Aktuelles

Leitlinien zum Management von Patienten mit akutem Hirninfarkt oder TIA der Europäischen Schlaganfallorganisation 2008

Teil 1

verfasst von: PD Dr. P. Ringleb, P.D. Schellinger, W. Hacke

Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt | Ausgabe 8/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Dieser Artikel stellt den 1. Teil der Übersetzung der im Jahr 2008 veröffentlichten Leitlinien der Europäischen Schlaganfallorganisation (ESO) dar. Diese basieren auf den Empfehlungen der Europäischen Schlaganfallinitiative (European Stroke Initiative; EUSI) zum Schlaganfallmanagement, die erstmal im Jahr 2000 veröffentlicht und 2003 überarbeitet wurden [91, 291]. Ergänzt wird diese Übersetzung durch eine Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen Änderungen im Vergleich zur Vorgängerversion (s. Infobox 1). …
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Acker JE 3rd, Pancioli AM, Crocco TJ et al. (2007) Implementation strategies for emergency medical services within stroke systems of care: a policy statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Expert Panel on Emergency Medical Services Systems and the Stroke Council. Stroke 38: 3097–3115PubMedCrossRef Acker JE 3rd, Pancioli AM, Crocco TJ et al. (2007) Implementation strategies for emergency medical services within stroke systems of care: a policy statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Expert Panel on Emergency Medical Services Systems and the Stroke Council. Stroke 38: 3097–3115PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ada L, Foongchomcheay A, Canning C (2005) Supportive devices for preventing and treating subluxation of the shoulder after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003863 Ada L, Foongchomcheay A, Canning C (2005) Supportive devices for preventing and treating subluxation of the shoulder after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003863
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams HP jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ et al. (2007) Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke 38: 1655–1711PubMedCrossRef Adams HP jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ et al. (2007) Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke 38: 1655–1711PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Agyeman O, Nedeltchev K, Arnold M et al. (2006) Time to admission in acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke 37: 963–966PubMedCrossRef Agyeman O, Nedeltchev K, Arnold M et al. (2006) Time to admission in acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke 37: 963–966PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Aizen E, Shugaev I, Lenger R (2007) Risk factors and characteristics of falls during inpatient rehabilitation of elderly patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 44: 1–12PubMedCrossRef Aizen E, Shugaev I, Lenger R (2007) Risk factors and characteristics of falls during inpatient rehabilitation of elderly patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 44: 1–12PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Albers GW, Hart RG, Lutsep HL et al. (1999) AHA Scientific Statement. Supplement to the guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attacks: A statement from the Ad Hoc Committee on Guidelines for the Management of Transient Ischemic Attacks, Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 30: 2502–2511PubMed Albers GW, Hart RG, Lutsep HL et al. (1999) AHA Scientific Statement. Supplement to the guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attacks: A statement from the Ad Hoc Committee on Guidelines for the Management of Transient Ischemic Attacks, Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 30: 2502–2511PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Albers GW, Thijs VN, Wechsler L et al. (2006) Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study. Ann Neurol 60: 508–517PubMedCrossRef Albers GW, Thijs VN, Wechsler L et al. (2006) Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study. Ann Neurol 60: 508–517PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Alberts M, Latchaw R, Selman W et al. (2005) Brain Attack Coalition. Recommendations for comprehensive stroke centers: a consensus statement from the Brain Attack Coalition. Stroke 36: 1597–1616PubMedCrossRef Alberts M, Latchaw R, Selman W et al. (2005) Brain Attack Coalition. Recommendations for comprehensive stroke centers: a consensus statement from the Brain Attack Coalition. Stroke 36: 1597–1616PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Alberts M, Perry A, Dawson D et al. (1992) Effects of public and professional education on reducing the delay in presentation and referral of stroke patients. Stroke 23: 352–356PubMed Alberts M, Perry A, Dawson D et al. (1992) Effects of public and professional education on reducing the delay in presentation and referral of stroke patients. Stroke 23: 352–356PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Alberts MJ, Hademenos G, Latchaw RE et al. (2000) Recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers. Brain Attack Coalition. JAMA 283: 3102–3109PubMedCrossRef Alberts MJ, Hademenos G, Latchaw RE et al. (2000) Recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers. Brain Attack Coalition. JAMA 283: 3102–3109PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Alberts MJ, Latchaw RE, Selman WR et al. (2005) Recommendations for comprehensive stroke centers: a consensus statement from the Brain Attack Coalition. Stroke 36: 1597–1616PubMedCrossRef Alberts MJ, Latchaw RE, Selman WR et al. (2005) Recommendations for comprehensive stroke centers: a consensus statement from the Brain Attack Coalition. Stroke 36: 1597–1616PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexandrov AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC et al. (2004) Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 351: 2170–2178PubMedCrossRef Alexandrov AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC et al. (2004) Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 351: 2170–2178PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Allendoerfer J, Goertler M, von Reutern G (2005) Prognostic relevance of ultra-early doppler sonography in acute ischaemic stroke: a prospective multicentre study. Lancet Neurol 5: 835–840CrossRef Allendoerfer J, Goertler M, von Reutern G (2005) Prognostic relevance of ultra-early doppler sonography in acute ischaemic stroke: a prospective multicentre study. Lancet Neurol 5: 835–840CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez Sabín J, Molina C, Abilleira S et al. (1999) „Stroke code“. Shortening the delay in reperfusion treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Med Clin (Barc) 113: 481–483 Alvarez Sabín J, Molina C, Abilleira S et al. (1999) „Stroke code“. Shortening the delay in reperfusion treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Med Clin (Barc) 113: 481–483
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson CS, Hackett ML, House AO (2004) Interventions for preventing depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003689 Anderson CS, Hackett ML, House AO (2004) Interventions for preventing depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003689
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Audebert H, Kukla C, Clarmann von Claranau S et al. (2005) Telemedicine for safe and extended use of thrombolysis in stroke: the Telemedical Pilot Project for Integrative Stroke Care (TEMPiS) in Bavaria. Stroke 36: 287–291PubMedCrossRef Audebert H, Kukla C, Clarmann von Claranau S et al. (2005) Telemedicine for safe and extended use of thrombolysis in stroke: the Telemedical Pilot Project for Integrative Stroke Care (TEMPiS) in Bavaria. Stroke 36: 287–291PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Audebert H, Kukla C, Vatankhah B et al. (2006) Comparison of tissues plasminogen activator administration management between Telestroke Network hospitals and academic stroke centers: the Telemedical Pilot Project for Integrative Stroke Care in Bavaria, Germany. Stroke 37: 1822–1827PubMedCrossRef Audebert H, Kukla C, Vatankhah B et al. (2006) Comparison of tissues plasminogen activator administration management between Telestroke Network hospitals and academic stroke centers: the Telemedical Pilot Project for Integrative Stroke Care in Bavaria, Germany. Stroke 37: 1822–1827PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Audebert H, Schenkel J, Heuschmann P et al. (2006) Effects of the implementation of a telemedical stroke network: the Telemedic Pilot Project for Integrative Stroke Care (TEMPiS) in Bavaria, Germany. Lancet Neurol 5: 742–748PubMedCrossRef Audebert H, Schenkel J, Heuschmann P et al. (2006) Effects of the implementation of a telemedical stroke network: the Telemedic Pilot Project for Integrative Stroke Care (TEMPiS) in Bavaria, Germany. Lancet Neurol 5: 742–748PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Axelsson K, Asplund K, Norberg A et al. (1988) Nutritional status in patients with acute stroke. Acta Med Scand 224: 217–224PubMed Axelsson K, Asplund K, Norberg A et al. (1988) Nutritional status in patients with acute stroke. Acta Med Scand 224: 217–224PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Axelsson K, Asplund K, Norberg A et al. (1989) Eating problems and nutritional status during hospital stay of patients with severe stroke. J Am Diet Assoc 89: 1092–1096PubMed Axelsson K, Asplund K, Norberg A et al. (1989) Eating problems and nutritional status during hospital stay of patients with severe stroke. J Am Diet Assoc 89: 1092–1096PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Ay H, Oliveira-Filho J, Buonanno F et al. (2002) „Footprints“ of transient ischemic attacks: a diffusion-weighted MRI study. Cerebrovasc Dis 14: 177–186PubMedCrossRef Ay H, Oliveira-Filho J, Buonanno F et al. (2002) „Footprints“ of transient ischemic attacks: a diffusion-weighted MRI study. Cerebrovasc Dis 14: 177–186PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Aziz N, Leonardi-Bee J, Walker M et al. (2007) Therapy based rehabilitation services for patients living at home more than one year after stroke – A Cochrane review. Cochrane Database Sys Rev Aziz N, Leonardi-Bee J, Walker M et al. (2007) Therapy based rehabilitation services for patients living at home more than one year after stroke – A Cochrane review. Cochrane Database Sys Rev
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Bandera E, Botteri M, Minelli C et al. (2006) Cerebral blood flow threshold of ischemic penumbra and infarct core in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke 37: 1334–1339PubMedCrossRef Bandera E, Botteri M, Minelli C et al. (2006) Cerebral blood flow threshold of ischemic penumbra and infarct core in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke 37: 1334–1339PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Barbay S, Plautz E, Friel K et al. (2001) Delayed rehabilitative training following a small ischaemic infarct in non-human primate primary cortex. Soc Neurosci Abstr 27: 931–934 Barbay S, Plautz E, Friel K et al. (2001) Delayed rehabilitative training following a small ischaemic infarct in non-human primate primary cortex. Soc Neurosci Abstr 27: 931–934
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber P, Demchuk A, Zhang J et al. (2000) Validity and reliability of a quantitative computed tomography score in predicting outcome of hyperacute stroke before thrombolytic therapy in Lancet 1670–1674 Barber P, Demchuk A, Zhang J et al. (2000) Validity and reliability of a quantitative computed tomography score in predicting outcome of hyperacute stroke before thrombolytic therapy in Lancet 1670–1674
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber P, Hill M, Eliasziw M et al. (2005) Neuroimaging of the brain in acute ischemic stroke: A comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance diffusion weighted imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1528–1533 Barber P, Hill M, Eliasziw M et al. (2005) Neuroimaging of the brain in acute ischemic stroke: A comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance diffusion weighted imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1528–1533
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber PA, Zhang J, Demchuk AM et al. (2001) Why are stroke patients excluded from TPA therapy? An analysis of patient eligibility. Neurology 56: 1015–1020PubMed Barber PA, Zhang J, Demchuk AM et al. (2001) Why are stroke patients excluded from TPA therapy? An analysis of patient eligibility. Neurology 56: 1015–1020PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron JC, Cohen LG, Cramer SC et al. (2004) Neuroimaging in stroke recovery: a position paper from the First International Workshop on Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery. Cerebrovasc Dis 18: 260–267PubMedCrossRef Baron JC, Cohen LG, Cramer SC et al. (2004) Neuroimaging in stroke recovery: a position paper from the First International Workshop on Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery. Cerebrovasc Dis 18: 260–267PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Barsan W, Brott T, Broderick J et al. (1993) Time of hospital presentation in patients with acute stroke. Arch Intern Med 22: 22 Barsan W, Brott T, Broderick J et al. (1993) Time of hospital presentation in patients with acute stroke. Arch Intern Med 22: 22
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Barsan W, Brott T, Broderick J et al. (1994) Urgent therapy for acute stroke. Effects of a stroke trial on untreated patients. Stroke 25: 2132–2137PubMed Barsan W, Brott T, Broderick J et al. (1994) Urgent therapy for acute stroke. Effects of a stroke trial on untreated patients. Stroke 25: 2132–2137PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Bath PMW, Bath-Hextall FJ, Smithard DG (2007) Interventions for dysphagia in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Bath PMW, Bath-Hextall FJ, Smithard DG (2007) Interventions for dysphagia in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Behrens S, Daffertshofer M, Interthal C et al. (2002) Improvement in stroke quality management by an educational programme. Cerebrovasc Dis 13: 262–266PubMedCrossRef Behrens S, Daffertshofer M, Interthal C et al. (2002) Improvement in stroke quality management by an educational programme. Cerebrovasc Dis 13: 262–266PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Bélvis R, Cocho D, Martí-Fàbregas et al. (2005) Benefits of a prehospital stroke code system. Feasibility and efficacy in the first year of clinical practice in Barcelona//Spain. Cerebrovasc Dis 19: 96–101PubMedCrossRef Bélvis R, Cocho D, Martí-Fàbregas et al. (2005) Benefits of a prehospital stroke code system. Feasibility and efficacy in the first year of clinical practice in Barcelona//Spain. Cerebrovasc Dis 19: 96–101PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A et al. (2004) Inactive and alone: physical activity within the first 14 days of acute stroke unit care. Stroke 35: 1005–1009PubMedCrossRef Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A et al. (2004) Inactive and alone: physical activity within the first 14 days of acute stroke unit care. Stroke 35: 1005–1009PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhogal SK, Teasell R, Foley N et al. (2005) Heterocyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment and prevention of poststroke depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 53: 1051–1057PubMedCrossRef Bhogal SK, Teasell R, Foley N et al. (2005) Heterocyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment and prevention of poststroke depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 53: 1051–1057PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhogal SK, Teasell R, Speechley M (2003) Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery. Stroke 34: 987–993PubMedCrossRef Bhogal SK, Teasell R, Speechley M (2003) Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery. Stroke 34: 987–993PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Biernaskie J, Chernenko G, Corbett D (2004) Efficacy of rehabilitative experience declines with time after focal ischemic brain injury. J Neurosci 24: 1245–1254PubMedCrossRef Biernaskie J, Chernenko G, Corbett D (2004) Efficacy of rehabilitative experience declines with time after focal ischemic brain injury. J Neurosci 24: 1245–1254PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE et al. (1998) Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 29: 554–562PubMed Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE et al. (1998) Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 29: 554–562PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Billings-Gagliardi S, Fontneau NM, Wolf MK et al. (2001) Educating the next generation of physicians about stroke: incorporating stroke prevention into the medical school curriculum. Stroke 32: 2854–2859PubMedCrossRef Billings-Gagliardi S, Fontneau NM, Wolf MK et al. (2001) Educating the next generation of physicians about stroke: incorporating stroke prevention into the medical school curriculum. Stroke 32: 2854–2859PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Blaser T, Hofmann K, Buerger T et al. (2002) Risk of stroke, transient ischemic attack and vessel occlusion before endarteriectomy in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. Stroke 33: 1057–1062PubMedCrossRef Blaser T, Hofmann K, Buerger T et al. (2002) Risk of stroke, transient ischemic attack and vessel occlusion before endarteriectomy in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. Stroke 33: 1057–1062PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowen A, Lincoln NB (2007) Cognitive rehabilitation for spatial neglect following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003586 Bowen A, Lincoln NB (2007) Cognitive rehabilitation for spatial neglect following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003586
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Brady BK, McGahan L, Skidmore B (2005) Systematic review of economic evidence on stroke rehabilitation services. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 21: 15–21PubMedCrossRef Brady BK, McGahan L, Skidmore B (2005) Systematic review of economic evidence on stroke rehabilitation services. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 21: 15–21PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Brainin M, Barnes M, Baron JC et al. (2004) Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces–revised recommendations 2004. Eur J Neurol 11: 577–581PubMedCrossRef Brainin M, Barnes M, Baron JC et al. (2004) Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces–revised recommendations 2004. Eur J Neurol 11: 577–581PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Brainin M, Bornstein N, Boysen G et al. (2000) Acute neurological stroke care in Europe: results of the European Stroke Care Inventory. Eur J Neurol 7: 5–10PubMedCrossRef Brainin M, Bornstein N, Boysen G et al. (2000) Acute neurological stroke care in Europe: results of the European Stroke Care Inventory. Eur J Neurol 7: 5–10PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Brashear A, Gordon MF, Elovic E et al. (2002) Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N Engl J Med 347: 395–400PubMedCrossRef Brashear A, Gordon MF, Elovic E et al. (2002) Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N Engl J Med 347: 395–400PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Callahan CM, Haag KM, Weinberger M et al. (2000) Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy among older adults in a community setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 1048–1054PubMed Callahan CM, Haag KM, Weinberger M et al. (2000) Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy among older adults in a community setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 1048–1054PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Camerlingo M, Casto L, Censori B et al. (2001) Experience with a questionnaire administered by emergency medical service for pre-hospital identification of patients with acute stroke. Neurol Sci 22: 357–361PubMedCrossRef Camerlingo M, Casto L, Censori B et al. (2001) Experience with a questionnaire administered by emergency medical service for pre-hospital identification of patients with acute stroke. Neurol Sci 22: 357–361PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Candelise L, Gattinoni M, Bersano A et al. (2007) Stroke-unit care for acute stroke patients: an observational follow-up study. Lancet 369: 299–305PubMedCrossRef Candelise L, Gattinoni M, Bersano A et al. (2007) Stroke-unit care for acute stroke patients: an observational follow-up study. Lancet 369: 299–305PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Carpenter T, Armitage P, Bastin M et al. (2006) DSC Perfusion MRI – Quantification and reduction of systematic errors arising in areas of reduced cerebral blood flow. Magn Reson Med 56: 1342–1349CrossRef Carpenter T, Armitage P, Bastin M et al. (2006) DSC Perfusion MRI – Quantification and reduction of systematic errors arising in areas of reduced cerebral blood flow. Magn Reson Med 56: 1342–1349CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Chae J, Zorowitz RD, Johnston MV (1996) Functional outcome of hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic stroke patients after in-patient rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 75: 177–182PubMedCrossRef Chae J, Zorowitz RD, Johnston MV (1996) Functional outcome of hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic stroke patients after in-patient rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 75: 177–182PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Chalela J, Kidwell C, Nentwich L et al. (2007) Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison. Lancet 369: 293–298PubMedCrossRef Chalela J, Kidwell C, Nentwich L et al. (2007) Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison. Lancet 369: 293–298PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamorro A, Amaro S, Vargas M et al. (2006) Interleukin 10, monocytes and increased risk of early infection in ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77: 1279–1281PubMedCrossRef Chamorro A, Amaro S, Vargas M et al. (2006) Interleukin 10, monocytes and increased risk of early infection in ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77: 1279–1281PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamorro A, Horcajada JP, Obach V et al. (2005) The Early Systemic Prophylaxis of Infection After Stroke study: a randomized clinical trial. Stroke 36: 1495–1500PubMedCrossRef Chamorro A, Horcajada JP, Obach V et al. (2005) The Early Systemic Prophylaxis of Infection After Stroke study: a randomized clinical trial. Stroke 36: 1495–1500PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang K, Tseng M, Tan T (2004) Prehospital delay after acute stroke in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Stroke 35: 700–704PubMedCrossRef Chang K, Tseng M, Tan T (2004) Prehospital delay after acute stroke in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Stroke 35: 700–704PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiarella F, Santoro E, Domenicucci S et al. (1998) Predischarge two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular thrombosis after acute myocardial infarction in the GISSI-3 study. Am J Cardiol 81: 822–827PubMedCrossRef Chiarella F, Santoro E, Domenicucci S et al. (1998) Predischarge two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular thrombosis after acute myocardial infarction in the GISSI-3 study. Am J Cardiol 81: 822–827PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen H, Fogh Christensen A, Boysen GG (2005) Abnormalities on ECG and telemetry predict stroke outcome at 3 months. J Neurol Sci 234: 99 –103PubMedCrossRef Christensen H, Fogh Christensen A, Boysen GG (2005) Abnormalities on ECG and telemetry predict stroke outcome at 3 months. J Neurol Sci 234: 99 –103PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Cicerone KD, Dahlberg C, Malec JF et al. (2005) Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 1998 through 2002. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86: 1681–1692PubMedCrossRef Cicerone KD, Dahlberg C, Malec JF et al. (2005) Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 1998 through 2002. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86: 1681–1692PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, Wardlaw J (2007) Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting. Brain 130: 1988–2003PubMedCrossRef Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, Wardlaw J (2007) Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting. Brain 130: 1988–2003PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Coutts S, Simon J, Eliasziw M et al. (2005) Triaging transient ischemic attack and minor stroke patients using acute magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 57: 848–854PubMedCrossRef Coutts S, Simon J, Eliasziw M et al. (2005) Triaging transient ischemic attack and minor stroke patients using acute magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 57: 848–854PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Coutts S, Simon J, Tomanek A et al. (2003) Reliability of assessing percentage of diffusion-perfusion mismatch. Stroke 34: 1681–1683PubMedCrossRef Coutts S, Simon J, Tomanek A et al. (2003) Reliability of assessing percentage of diffusion-perfusion mismatch. Stroke 34: 1681–1683PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Crisostomo R, Garcia M, Tong D (2003) Detection of diffusion-weighted MRI abnormalities in patients with transient ischemic attack: correlation with clinical characteristics. Stroke 34: 932–937PubMedCrossRef Crisostomo R, Garcia M, Tong D (2003) Detection of diffusion-weighted MRI abnormalities in patients with transient ischemic attack: correlation with clinical characteristics. Stroke 34: 932–937PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Daffertshofer M, Mielke O, Pullwitt A et al. (2004) Transient ischemic attacks are more than „ministrokes“. Stroke 35: 2453–2458PubMedCrossRef Daffertshofer M, Mielke O, Pullwitt A et al. (2004) Transient ischemic attacks are more than „ministrokes“. Stroke 35: 2453–2458PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Dávalos A, Blanco M, Pedraza S et al. (2004) The clinical-DWI mismatch: a new diagnostic approach to the brain tissue at risk of infarction. Neurology 62: 2187–2192PubMed Dávalos A, Blanco M, Pedraza S et al. (2004) The clinical-DWI mismatch: a new diagnostic approach to the brain tissue at risk of infarction. Neurology 62: 2187–2192PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Dávalos A, Ricart W, Gonzalez-Huix F et al. (1996) Effect of malnutrition after acute stroke on clinical outcome. Stroke 27: 1028–1032PubMed Dávalos A, Ricart W, Gonzalez-Huix F et al. (1996) Effect of malnutrition after acute stroke on clinical outcome. Stroke 27: 1028–1032PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat de Bruijn SF, Agema WR, Lammers GJ et al. (2006) Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in management of patients of any age with transient ischemic attack or stroke. Stroke 37: 2531–2534CrossRef de Bruijn SF, Agema WR, Lammers GJ et al. (2006) Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in management of patients of any age with transient ischemic attack or stroke. Stroke 37: 2531–2534CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat de Wit DC, Buurke JH, Nijlant JM et al. (2004) The effect of an ankle-foot orthosis on walking ability in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 18: 550–557CrossRef de Wit DC, Buurke JH, Nijlant JM et al. (2004) The effect of an ankle-foot orthosis on walking ability in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 18: 550–557CrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat DeLemos CD, Atkinson RP, Croopnick SL et al. (2003) How effective are „community“ stroke screening programs at improving stroke knowledge and prevention practices? Results of a 3-month follow-up study. Stroke 34: 247–249CrossRef DeLemos CD, Atkinson RP, Croopnick SL et al. (2003) How effective are „community“ stroke screening programs at improving stroke knowledge and prevention practices? Results of a 3-month follow-up study. Stroke 34: 247–249CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C (2005) Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365: 764–772PubMedCrossRef Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C (2005) Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365: 764–772PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C (2005) Routine oral nutritional supplementation for stroke patients in hospital (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365: 755–763PubMedCrossRef Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C (2005) Routine oral nutritional supplementation for stroke patients in hospital (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365: 755–763PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat DePippo KL, Holas MA, Reding MJ et al. (1994) Dysphagia therapy following stroke: a controlled trial. Neurology 44: 1655–1660PubMed DePippo KL, Holas MA, Reding MJ et al. (1994) Dysphagia therapy following stroke: a controlled trial. Neurology 44: 1655–1660PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Derex L, Adeleine P, Nighoghossian N et al. (2002) Factors influencing early admission in a French stroke unit. Stroke 33: 153–159PubMedCrossRef Derex L, Adeleine P, Nighoghossian N et al. (2002) Factors influencing early admission in a French stroke unit. Stroke 33: 153–159PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Dewey HM, Sherry LJ, Collier JM (2007) Stroke rehabilitation 2007: what should it be? Int J Stroke 2: 191–200CrossRefPubMed Dewey HM, Sherry LJ, Collier JM (2007) Stroke rehabilitation 2007: what should it be? Int J Stroke 2: 191–200CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Diaz M, Hendey G, Bivins H (2005) When is helicopter faster? A comparison of helicopter and ground ambulance transport times. J Trauma 58: 148–153PubMed Diaz M, Hendey G, Bivins H (2005) When is helicopter faster? A comparison of helicopter and ground ambulance transport times. J Trauma 58: 148–153PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Diener HC, Allenberg JR, Bode C et al. (2005) Primär- und Sekundärprävention der zerebralen Ischämie. In: Diener HC (Ed) Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie, Thieme: Stuttgart New York Diener HC, Allenberg JR, Bode C et al. (2005) Primär- und Sekundärprävention der zerebralen Ischämie. In: Diener HC (Ed) Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie, Thieme: Stuttgart New York
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Diener HC, Ringelstein EB, von Kummer R et al. (2006) Prophylaxis of thrombotic and embolic events in acute ischemic stroke with the low-molecular-weight heparin certoparin: results of the PROTECT Trial. Stroke 37: 139–144PubMedCrossRef Diener HC, Ringelstein EB, von Kummer R et al. (2006) Prophylaxis of thrombotic and embolic events in acute ischemic stroke with the low-molecular-weight heparin certoparin: results of the PROTECT Trial. Stroke 37: 139–144PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Dimigen M, Keir S, Dennis M et al. (2004) Long-term visibility of primary intracerebral hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 13: 104–108PubMedCrossRef Dimigen M, Keir S, Dennis M et al. (2004) Long-term visibility of primary intracerebral hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 13: 104–108PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Diserens K, Michel P, Bogousslavsky J (2006) Early mobilisation after stroke: Review of the literature. Cerebrovasc Dis 22: 183–190PubMedCrossRef Diserens K, Michel P, Bogousslavsky J (2006) Early mobilisation after stroke: Review of the literature. Cerebrovasc Dis 22: 183–190PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Douen AG, Pageau N, Medic S (2008) Serial electrocardiographic assessments significantly improve detection of atrial fibrillation 2.6-fold in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 39: 480–482PubMedCrossRef Douen AG, Pageau N, Medic S (2008) Serial electrocardiographic assessments significantly improve detection of atrial fibrillation 2.6-fold in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 39: 480–482PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Douglas V, Johnston C, Elkins J et al. (2003) Head computed tomography findings predict short-term stroke risk after transient ischemic attack. Stroke 34: 2894–2898PubMedCrossRef Douglas V, Johnston C, Elkins J et al. (2003) Head computed tomography findings predict short-term stroke risk after transient ischemic attack. Stroke 34: 2894–2898PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Douglas VC, Tong DC, Gillum LA et al. (2005) Do the Brain Attack Coalition’s criteria for stroke centers improve care for ischemic stroke? Neurology 64: 422–427PubMed Douglas VC, Tong DC, Gillum LA et al. (2005) Do the Brain Attack Coalition’s criteria for stroke centers improve care for ischemic stroke? Neurology 64: 422–427PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Droste D, Jurgens R, Nabavi D et al. (1999) Echocontrast-enhanced ultrasound of extracranial internal carotid artery high-grade stenosis and occlusion. Stroke 30: 2302–2306PubMed Droste D, Jurgens R, Nabavi D et al. (1999) Echocontrast-enhanced ultrasound of extracranial internal carotid artery high-grade stenosis and occlusion. Stroke 30: 2302–2306PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Droste D, Jurgens R, Weber S et al. (2000) Benefit of echocontrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasound in the assessment of intracranial collateral pathways. Stroke 31: 920–923PubMed Droste D, Jurgens R, Weber S et al. (2000) Benefit of echocontrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasound in the assessment of intracranial collateral pathways. Stroke 31: 920–923PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Droste D, Nabavi D, Kemeny V et al. (1998) Echocontrast enhanced transcranial colour-coded duplex offers improved visualization of the vertebrobasilar system. Acta Neurol Scand 98: 198–199 Droste D, Nabavi D, Kemeny V et al. (1998) Echocontrast enhanced transcranial colour-coded duplex offers improved visualization of the vertebrobasilar system. Acta Neurol Scand 98: 198–199
84.
Zurück zum Zitat DuBard C, Garrett J, Gizlice Z (2006) Effect of language on heart attack and stroke awareness among U.S. Hispanics. Am J Prev Med 30: 189–196PubMedCrossRef DuBard C, Garrett J, Gizlice Z (2006) Effect of language on heart attack and stroke awareness among U.S. Hispanics. Am J Prev Med 30: 189–196PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Dumoulin C, Korner-Bitensky N, Tannenbaum C (2005) Urinary incontinence after stroke: does rehabilitation make a difference? A systematic review of the effectiveness of behavioral therapy. Top Stroke Rehabil 12: 66–76PubMedCrossRef Dumoulin C, Korner-Bitensky N, Tannenbaum C (2005) Urinary incontinence after stroke: does rehabilitation make a difference? A systematic review of the effectiveness of behavioral therapy. Top Stroke Rehabil 12: 66–76PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Dzialowski I, Weber J, Doerfler A et al. (2004) Brain tissue water uptake after middle cerebral artery occlusion assessed with CT. J Neuroimaging 14: 42–48PubMedCrossRef Dzialowski I, Weber J, Doerfler A et al. (2004) Brain tissue water uptake after middle cerebral artery occlusion assessed with CT. J Neuroimaging 14: 42–48PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Dzialowski I, Weber J, Klotz E et al. (2007) CT Monitoring of Ischemic Brain Tissue Water Content During Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion. Radiology 243: 720–726PubMedCrossRef Dzialowski I, Weber J, Klotz E et al. (2007) CT Monitoring of Ischemic Brain Tissue Water Content During Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion. Radiology 243: 720–726PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Early Supported Discharge Trialists (2005) Services for reducing duration of hospital care for acute stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD000443 Early Supported Discharge Trialists (2005) Services for reducing duration of hospital care for acute stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD000443
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Engelter ST, Gostynski M, Papa S et al. (2006) Epidemiology of aphasia attributable to first ischemic stroke: incidence, severity, fluency, etiology and thrombolysis. Stroke 37: 1379–1384PubMedCrossRef Engelter ST, Gostynski M, Papa S et al. (2006) Epidemiology of aphasia attributable to first ischemic stroke: incidence, severity, fluency, etiology and thrombolysis. Stroke 37: 1379–1384PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Epifanov Y, Dodel R, Haacke C et al. (2007) Costs of acute stroke care on regular neurological wards: a comparison with stroke unit setting. Health Policy 81: 339–349PubMedCrossRef Epifanov Y, Dodel R, Haacke C et al. (2007) Costs of acute stroke care on regular neurological wards: a comparison with stroke unit setting. Health Policy 81: 339–349PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat European Stroke Initiative (2000) European Stroke Initiative recommendations for stroke management. European Stroke Council, European Neurological Society and European Federation of Neurological Societies. Cerebrovasc Dis 10: 335–351 European Stroke Initiative (2000) European Stroke Initiative recommendations for stroke management. European Stroke Council, European Neurological Society and European Federation of Neurological Societies. Cerebrovasc Dis 10: 335–351
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans A, Perez I, Harraf F et al. (2001) Can differences in management processes explain different outcomes between stroke unit and stroke-team care? Lancet 358: 1586–1592PubMedCrossRef Evans A, Perez I, Harraf F et al. (2001) Can differences in management processes explain different outcomes between stroke unit and stroke-team care? Lancet 358: 1586–1592PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Evci E, Memis S, Ergin F et al. (2007) A population-based study on awareness of stroke in Turkey. Eur J Neurol 14: 517–522PubMedCrossRef Evci E, Memis S, Ergin F et al. (2007) A population-based study on awareness of stroke in Turkey. Eur J Neurol 14: 517–522PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Evenson KR, Rosamond WD, Morris DL (2001) Prehospital and in-hospital delays in acute stroke care. Neuroepidemiology 20: 65–76PubMedCrossRef Evenson KR, Rosamond WD, Morris DL (2001) Prehospital and in-hospital delays in acute stroke care. Neuroepidemiology 20: 65–76PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Falconer JA, Naughton BJ, Strasser DC et al. (1994) Stroke inpatient rehabilitation: a comparison across age groups. J Am Geriatr Soc 42: 39–44PubMed Falconer JA, Naughton BJ, Strasser DC et al. (1994) Stroke inpatient rehabilitation: a comparison across age groups. J Am Geriatr Soc 42: 39–44PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferro J, Melo T, Oliveira V et al. (1994) An analysis of the admission delay of acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 4: 72–75CrossRef Ferro J, Melo T, Oliveira V et al. (1994) An analysis of the admission delay of acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 4: 72–75CrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiehler J, Albers G, JM B et al. (2007) Bleeding Risk Analysis in Stroke Imaging Before ThromboLysis (BRASIL). Pooled Analysis of T2*-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data From 570 Patients. Stroke 38: 2738–2744PubMedCrossRef Fiehler J, Albers G, JM B et al. (2007) Bleeding Risk Analysis in Stroke Imaging Before ThromboLysis (BRASIL). Pooled Analysis of T2*-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data From 570 Patients. Stroke 38: 2738–2744PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiehler J, Knudsen K, Kucinski T et al. (2004) Predictors of apparent diffusion coefficient normalization in stroke patients. Stroke 35: 514–519PubMedCrossRef Fiehler J, Knudsen K, Kucinski T et al. (2004) Predictors of apparent diffusion coefficient normalization in stroke patients. Stroke 35: 514–519PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Finestone HM, Greene-Finestone LS, Wilson ES et al. (1995) Malnutrition in stroke patients on the rehabilitation service and at follow-up: prevalence and predictors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76: 310–316PubMedCrossRef Finestone HM, Greene-Finestone LS, Wilson ES et al. (1995) Malnutrition in stroke patients on the rehabilitation service and at follow-up: prevalence and predictors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76: 310–316PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Finestone HM, Greene-Finestone LS, Wilson ES et al. (1996) Prolonged length of stay and reduced functional improvement rate in malnourished stroke rehabilitation patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77: 340–345PubMedCrossRef Finestone HM, Greene-Finestone LS, Wilson ES et al. (1996) Prolonged length of stay and reduced functional improvement rate in malnourished stroke rehabilitation patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77: 340–345PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Fischer U, Arnold M, Nedeltchev K et al. (2005) NIHSS score and arteriographic findings in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 36: 2121–2125PubMedCrossRef Fischer U, Arnold M, Nedeltchev K et al. (2005) NIHSS score and arteriographic findings in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 36: 2121–2125PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Flossmann E, Rothwell P (2003) Prognosis of vertebrobasilar transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke. Brain 126: 1940–1954PubMedCrossRef Flossmann E, Rothwell P (2003) Prognosis of vertebrobasilar transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke. Brain 126: 1940–1954PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Food trial collaboration (2003) Poor nutritional status on admission predicts poor outcomes after stroke: observational data from the FOOD trial. Stroke 34: 1450–1456CrossRef Food trial collaboration (2003) Poor nutritional status on admission predicts poor outcomes after stroke: observational data from the FOOD trial. Stroke 34: 1450–1456CrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Forster A, Young J (1995) Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry. BMJ 311: 83–86PubMed Forster A, Young J (1995) Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry. BMJ 311: 83–86PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Forster A, Young J, Langhorne P (2000) Medical day hospital care for the elderly versus alternative forms of care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001730 Forster A, Young J, Langhorne P (2000) Medical day hospital care for the elderly versus alternative forms of care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001730
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Fryback D, Thornbury J (1991) The efficacy of diagnostic imaging. Med Decis Making 88–94 Fryback D, Thornbury J (1991) The efficacy of diagnostic imaging. Med Decis Making 88–94
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Fure B, Bruun Wyller T, Thommessen B (2006) Electrocardiographic and troponin T changes in acute ischaemic stroke. J Intern Med 259: 592–597PubMedCrossRef Fure B, Bruun Wyller T, Thommessen B (2006) Electrocardiographic and troponin T changes in acute ischaemic stroke. J Intern Med 259: 592–597PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L et al. (1999) Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA 282: 2003–2011PubMedCrossRef Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L et al. (1999) Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA 282: 2003–2011PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW et al. (2001) ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 104: 2118–2150PubMed Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW et al. (2001) ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 104: 2118–2150PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerberding JL (2002) Hospital-onset infections: a patient safety issue. Ann Intern Med 137: 665–670PubMed Gerberding JL (2002) Hospital-onset infections: a patient safety issue. Ann Intern Med 137: 665–670PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Gil Nunez AC, Vivancos Mora J (2004) Organization of medical care in acute stroke: importance of a good network. Cerebrovasc (Suppl 1): 113–123 Gil Nunez AC, Vivancos Mora J (2004) Organization of medical care in acute stroke: importance of a good network. Cerebrovasc (Suppl 1): 113–123
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Giles MF, Rothwell PM (2007) Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 6: 1063–1072PubMed Giles MF, Rothwell PM (2007) Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 6: 1063–1072PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Gladman JR, Sackley CM (1998) The scope for rehabilitation in severely disabled stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil 20: 391–394PubMedCrossRef Gladman JR, Sackley CM (1998) The scope for rehabilitation in severely disabled stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil 20: 391–394PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstein L, Matchar D, Hoff-Lindquist J et al. (2003) Neurologist care is associated with increased testing but improved outcomes. Neurology 61: 792–796PubMed Goldstein L, Matchar D, Hoff-Lindquist J et al. (2003) Neurologist care is associated with increased testing but improved outcomes. Neurology 61: 792–796PubMed
116.
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ et al. (2006) Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 37: 1583–1633PubMed Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ et al. (2006) Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 37: 1583–1633PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon NF, Gulanick M, Costa F et al. (2004) Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Stroke Council. Stroke 35: 1230–1240PubMedCrossRef Gordon NF, Gulanick M, Costa F et al. (2004) Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Stroke Council. Stroke 35: 1230–1240PubMedCrossRef
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Greener J, Enderby P, Whurr R (2000) Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD000425 Greener J, Enderby P, Whurr R (2000) Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD000425
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Gunalp M, Atalar E, Coskun F et al. (2006) Holter monitoring for 24 hours in patients with thromboembolic stroke and sinus rhythm diagnosed in the emergency department. Adv Ther 23: 854–860PubMedCrossRef Gunalp M, Atalar E, Coskun F et al. (2006) Holter monitoring for 24 hours in patients with thromboembolic stroke and sinus rhythm diagnosed in the emergency department. Adv Ther 23: 854–860PubMedCrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C et al. (2004) Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 363: 768–774PubMedCrossRef Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C et al. (2004) Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 363: 768–774PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Hacke W, Kaste M, Skyhoj Olsen T et al. (2000) European Stroke Initiative (EUSI) recommendations for stroke management. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee. Eur J Neurol 7: 607–623PubMedCrossRef Hacke W, Kaste M, Skyhoj Olsen T et al. (2000) European Stroke Initiative (EUSI) recommendations for stroke management. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee. Eur J Neurol 7: 607–623PubMedCrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Hackett ML, Anderson CS (2005) Predictors of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 36: 2296–2301PubMedCrossRef Hackett ML, Anderson CS (2005) Predictors of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 36: 2296–2301PubMedCrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House AO (2005) Management of depression after stroke: a systematic review of pharmacological therapies. Stroke 36: 1098–1103PubMedCrossRef Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House AO (2005) Management of depression after stroke: a systematic review of pharmacological therapies. Stroke 36: 1098–1103PubMedCrossRef
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamidon B, Dewey H (2007) Impact of acute stroke team emergency calls on in-hospital delays in acute stroke care. J Clin Neurosci 14: 831–834PubMedCrossRef Hamidon B, Dewey H (2007) Impact of acute stroke team emergency calls on in-hospital delays in acute stroke care. J Clin Neurosci 14: 831–834PubMedCrossRef
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamidon BB, Abdullah SA, Zawawi MF et al. (2006) A prospective comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding in patients with acute dysphagic stroke. Med J Malaysia 61: 59–66PubMed Hamidon BB, Abdullah SA, Zawawi MF et al. (2006) A prospective comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding in patients with acute dysphagic stroke. Med J Malaysia 61: 59–66PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Hand P, Kwan J, Lindley R et al. (2006) Distinguishing between stroke and mimic at the bedside: The Brain Attack Study. Stroke 37: 769–775PubMedCrossRef Hand P, Kwan J, Lindley R et al. (2006) Distinguishing between stroke and mimic at the bedside: The Brain Attack Study. Stroke 37: 769–775PubMedCrossRef
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Hand P, Wardlaw J, Rivers C et al. (2006) MR diffusion-weighted imaging and outcome prediction after ischemic stroke. Neurology 66: 1159–1163PubMedCrossRef Hand P, Wardlaw J, Rivers C et al. (2006) MR diffusion-weighted imaging and outcome prediction after ischemic stroke. Neurology 66: 1159–1163PubMedCrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Hand P, Wardlaw J, Rowat A et al. (2005) MR brain imaging in patients with acute stroke - feasibility and patient-related difficulties. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76: 1525–1527PubMedCrossRef Hand P, Wardlaw J, Rowat A et al. (2005) MR brain imaging in patients with acute stroke - feasibility and patient-related difficulties. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76: 1525–1527PubMedCrossRef
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Handschu R, Littmann R, Reulbach U et al. (2003) Telemedicine in emergency evaluation of acute stroke: interrater agreement in remote video examination with a novel multimedia system. Stroke 34: 2842–2846PubMedCrossRef Handschu R, Littmann R, Reulbach U et al. (2003) Telemedicine in emergency evaluation of acute stroke: interrater agreement in remote video examination with a novel multimedia system. Stroke 34: 2842–2846PubMedCrossRef
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Harbison J, Hossain O, Jenkinson D et al. (2003) Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test. Stroke 34: 71–76PubMedCrossRef Harbison J, Hossain O, Jenkinson D et al. (2003) Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test. Stroke 34: 71–76PubMedCrossRef
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Harbison J, Massey A, Barnett L et al. (1999) Rapid ambulance protocol for acute stroke. Lancet 353: 1935PubMedCrossRef Harbison J, Massey A, Barnett L et al. (1999) Rapid ambulance protocol for acute stroke. Lancet 353: 1935PubMedCrossRef
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Harraf F, Sharma AK, Brown MM et al. (2002) A multicentre observational study of presentation and early assessment of acute stroke. BMJ 325: 17–21PubMedCrossRef Harraf F, Sharma AK, Brown MM et al. (2002) A multicentre observational study of presentation and early assessment of acute stroke. BMJ 325: 17–21PubMedCrossRef
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Hess DC, Wang S, Hamilton W et al. (2005) REACH: clinical feasibility of a rural telestroke network. Stroke 36: 2018–2020PubMedCrossRef Hess DC, Wang S, Hamilton W et al. (2005) REACH: clinical feasibility of a rural telestroke network. Stroke 36: 2018–2020PubMedCrossRef
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Hill M, Rowley H, Adler F et al. (2003) Selection of acute ischemic stroke patients for intra-arterial thrombolysis with pro-urokinase by using ASPECTS. Stroke 34: 1925–1931PubMedCrossRef Hill M, Rowley H, Adler F et al. (2003) Selection of acute ischemic stroke patients for intra-arterial thrombolysis with pro-urokinase by using ASPECTS. Stroke 34: 1925–1931PubMedCrossRef
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Hodgson C, Lindsay P, Rubini F (2007) Can mass media influence emergency department visits for stroke? Stroke 38: 2115–2122PubMedCrossRef Hodgson C, Lindsay P, Rubini F (2007) Can mass media influence emergency department visits for stroke? Stroke 38: 2115–2122PubMedCrossRef
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Horner J, Massey EW, Riski JE et al. (1988) Aspiration following stroke: clinical correlates and outcome. Neurology 38: 1359–1362PubMed Horner J, Massey EW, Riski JE et al. (1988) Aspiration following stroke: clinical correlates and outcome. Neurology 38: 1359–1362PubMed
138.
Zurück zum Zitat House AO, Hackett ML, Anderson CS et al. (2004) Pharmaceutical interventions for emotionalism after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003690 House AO, Hackett ML, Anderson CS et al. (2004) Pharmaceutical interventions for emotionalism after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003690
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Indredavik B, Slordahl SA, Bakke F et al. (1997) Stroke unit treatment. Long-term effects. Stroke 28: 1861–1866PubMed Indredavik B, Slordahl SA, Bakke F et al. (1997) Stroke unit treatment. Long-term effects. Stroke 28: 1861–1866PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Jabaudon D, Sztajzel J, Sievert K et al. (2004) Usefulness of ambulatory 7-day ECG monitoring for the detection of atrial fibrillation and flutter after acute stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke 35: 1647–1651PubMedCrossRef Jabaudon D, Sztajzel J, Sievert K et al. (2004) Usefulness of ambulatory 7-day ECG monitoring for the detection of atrial fibrillation and flutter after acute stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke 35: 1647–1651PubMedCrossRef
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Johansson BB (2000) Brain plasticity and stroke rehabilitation. The Willis lecture. Stroke 31: 223–230PubMed Johansson BB (2000) Brain plasticity and stroke rehabilitation. The Willis lecture. Stroke 31: 223–230PubMed
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Jorgensen L, Engstad T, Jacobsen BK (2005) Self-reported urinary incontinence in noninstitutionalized long-term stroke survivors: A population-based study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86: 416–420PubMedCrossRef Jorgensen L, Engstad T, Jacobsen BK (2005) Self-reported urinary incontinence in noninstitutionalized long-term stroke survivors: A population-based study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86: 416–420PubMedCrossRef
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalra L, Dale P, Crome P (1993) Improving stroke rehabilitation. A controlled study. Stroke 24: 1462–1467PubMed Kalra L, Dale P, Crome P (1993) Improving stroke rehabilitation. A controlled study. Stroke 24: 1462–1467PubMed
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalra L, Eade J (1995) Role of stroke rehabilitation units in managing severe disability after stroke. Stroke 26: 2031–2034PubMed Kalra L, Eade J (1995) Role of stroke rehabilitation units in managing severe disability after stroke. Stroke 26: 2031–2034PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalra L, Evans A, Perez I et al. (2004) Training carers of stroke patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 328: 1099PubMedCrossRef Kalra L, Evans A, Perez I et al. (2004) Training carers of stroke patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 328: 1099PubMedCrossRef
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamphuisen PW, Agnelli G, Sebastianelli M (2005) Prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischemic stroke. J Thromb Haemost 3: 1187–1194PubMedCrossRef Kamphuisen PW, Agnelli G, Sebastianelli M (2005) Prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischemic stroke. J Thromb Haemost 3: 1187–1194PubMedCrossRef
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Kane I, Carpenter T, Chappell F et al. (2007) Comparison of 10 different magnetic resonance perfusion imaging processing methods in acute ischemic stroke: effect on lesion size, proportion of patients with diffusion/perfusion mismatch, clinical scores and radiologic outcomes. Stroke 38: 3158–3164PubMedCrossRef Kane I, Carpenter T, Chappell F et al. (2007) Comparison of 10 different magnetic resonance perfusion imaging processing methods in acute ischemic stroke: effect on lesion size, proportion of patients with diffusion/perfusion mismatch, clinical scores and radiologic outcomes. Stroke 38: 3158–3164PubMedCrossRef
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Kane I, Sandercock P, Wardlaw J (2007) Magnetic resonance perfusion diffusion mismatch and thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: A systematic review of the evidence to date. JNNP 78: 485–490 Kane I, Sandercock P, Wardlaw J (2007) Magnetic resonance perfusion diffusion mismatch and thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: A systematic review of the evidence to date. JNNP 78: 485–490
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Kapral MK, Silver FL (1999) Preventive health care, 1999 update: 2. Echocardiography for the detection of a cardiac source of embolus in patients with stroke. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ 161: 989–996PubMed Kapral MK, Silver FL (1999) Preventive health care, 1999 update: 2. Echocardiography for the detection of a cardiac source of embolus in patients with stroke. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ 161: 989–996PubMed
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz N, Hartman-Maeir A, Ring H et al. (1999) Functional disability and rehabilitation outcome in right hemisphere damaged patients with and without unilateral spatial neglect. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80: 379–384PubMedCrossRef Katz N, Hartman-Maeir A, Ring H et al. (1999) Functional disability and rehabilitation outcome in right hemisphere damaged patients with and without unilateral spatial neglect. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80: 379–384PubMedCrossRef
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Kauhanen M, Korpelainen JT, Hiltunen P et al. (1999) Poststroke depression correlates with cognitive impairment and neurological deficits. Stroke 30: 1875–1880PubMed Kauhanen M, Korpelainen JT, Hiltunen P et al. (1999) Poststroke depression correlates with cognitive impairment and neurological deficits. Stroke 30: 1875–1880PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Kent D, Hill M, Ruthazer R et al. (2005) „Clinical-CT mismatch“ and the response to systemic thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 36: 1695–1699PubMedCrossRef Kent D, Hill M, Ruthazer R et al. (2005) „Clinical-CT mismatch“ and the response to systemic thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 36: 1695–1699PubMedCrossRef
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Keskin O, Kalemoglu M, Ulusoy R (2005) A clinic investigation into prehospital and emergency department delays in acute stroke care. Med Princ Pract 14: 408–412PubMedCrossRef Keskin O, Kalemoglu M, Ulusoy R (2005) A clinic investigation into prehospital and emergency department delays in acute stroke care. Med Princ Pract 14: 408–412PubMedCrossRef
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan S, Cloud G, Kerry S et al. (2007) Imaging of vertebral artery stenosis: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78: 1218–1225PubMedCrossRef Khan S, Cloud G, Kerry S et al. (2007) Imaging of vertebral artery stenosis: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78: 1218–1225PubMedCrossRef
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Kidwell C, Chalela J, Saver J et al. (2004) Comparison of MRI and CT for detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA 292: 1923–1830CrossRef Kidwell C, Chalela J, Saver J et al. (2004) Comparison of MRI and CT for detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA 292: 1923–1830CrossRef
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Kjellstrom T, Norrving B, Shatchkute A (2007) Helsingborg Declaration 2006 on European stroke strategies. Cerebrovasc Dis 23: 231–241PubMedCrossRef Kjellstrom T, Norrving B, Shatchkute A (2007) Helsingborg Declaration 2006 on European stroke strategies. Cerebrovasc Dis 23: 231–241PubMedCrossRef
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Klötzsch C, Janssen G, Berlit P (1994) Transesophageal echocardiography and contrast-TCD in the detection of a patent foramen ovale: experiences with 111 patients. Neurology 44: 1603–1606PubMed Klötzsch C, Janssen G, Berlit P (1994) Transesophageal echocardiography and contrast-TCD in the detection of a patent foramen ovale: experiences with 111 patients. Neurology 44: 1603–1606PubMed
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwakkel G, van Peppen R, Wagenaar RC et al. (2004) Effects of augmented exercise therapy time after stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 35: 2529–2539PubMedCrossRef Kwakkel G, van Peppen R, Wagenaar RC et al. (2004) Effects of augmented exercise therapy time after stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 35: 2529–2539PubMedCrossRef
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwan J, Hand P, Sandercock P (2004) Improving the efficiency of delivery of thrombolysis for acute stroke: a systematic review. QJM 97: 273–279PubMedCrossRef Kwan J, Hand P, Sandercock P (2004) Improving the efficiency of delivery of thrombolysis for acute stroke: a systematic review. QJM 97: 273–279PubMedCrossRef
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwan J, Hand P, Sandercock P (2004) A systematic review of barriers to delivery of thrombolysis for acute stroke. Age Ageing 33: 116–121PubMedCrossRef Kwan J, Hand P, Sandercock P (2004) A systematic review of barriers to delivery of thrombolysis for acute stroke. Age Ageing 33: 116–121PubMedCrossRef
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwan J, Sandercock P (2003) In-hospital care pathways for stroke: a Cochrane systematic review. Stroke 34: 587–588PubMedCrossRef Kwan J, Sandercock P (2003) In-hospital care pathways for stroke: a Cochrane systematic review. Stroke 34: 587–588PubMedCrossRef
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamb SE, Ferrucci L, Volapto S et al. (2003) Risk factors for falling in home-dwelling older women with stroke: the Women’s Health and Aging Study. Stroke 34: 494–501PubMedCrossRef Lamb SE, Ferrucci L, Volapto S et al. (2003) Risk factors for falling in home-dwelling older women with stroke: the Women’s Health and Aging Study. Stroke 34: 494–501PubMedCrossRef
163.
Zurück zum Zitat LaMonte MP, Bahouth MN, Hu P et al. (2003) Telemedicine for acute stroke: triumphs and pitfalls. Stroke 34: 725–728PubMedCrossRef LaMonte MP, Bahouth MN, Hu P et al. (2003) Telemedicine for acute stroke: triumphs and pitfalls. Stroke 34: 725–728PubMedCrossRef
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Langhorne P, Dennis MS (1998) Stroke units, an evidence based approach. London: BMJ Publishing group Langhorne P, Dennis MS (1998) Stroke units, an evidence based approach. London: BMJ Publishing group
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Langhorne P, Dey P, Woodman M et al. (2005) Is stroke unit care portable? A systematic review of the clinical trials. Age Ageing 34: 324–330PubMedCrossRef Langhorne P, Dey P, Woodman M et al. (2005) Is stroke unit care portable? A systematic review of the clinical trials. Age Ageing 34: 324–330PubMedCrossRef
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Langhorne P, Pollock A (2002) What are the components of effective stroke unit care? Age Ageing 31: 365–371PubMedCrossRef Langhorne P, Pollock A (2002) What are the components of effective stroke unit care? Age Ageing 31: 365–371PubMedCrossRef
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L et al. (2000) Medical complications after stroke: a multicenter study. Stroke 31: 1223–1229PubMed Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L et al. (2000) Medical complications after stroke: a multicenter study. Stroke 31: 1223–1229PubMed
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Langhorne P, Taylor G, Murray G et al. (2005) Early supported discharge services for stroke patients: a meta-analysis of individual patients‘ data. Lancet 365: 501–506PubMed Langhorne P, Taylor G, Murray G et al. (2005) Early supported discharge services for stroke patients: a meta-analysis of individual patients‘ data. Lancet 365: 501–506PubMed
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Langhorne P, Wagenaar R, Partridge C (1996) Physiotherapy after stroke: more is better? Physiother Res Int 1: 75–88PubMed Langhorne P, Wagenaar R, Partridge C (1996) Physiotherapy after stroke: more is better? Physiother Res Int 1: 75–88PubMed
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Lannin NA, Herbert RD (2003) Is hand splinting effective for adults following stroke? A systematic review and methodologic critique of published research. Clin Rehabil 17: 807–816PubMedCrossRef Lannin NA, Herbert RD (2003) Is hand splinting effective for adults following stroke? A systematic review and methodologic critique of published research. Clin Rehabil 17: 807–816PubMedCrossRef
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Launois R, Giroud M, Megnigbeto AC et al. (2004) Estimating the cost-effectiveness of stroke units in France compared with conventional care. Stroke 35: 770–775PubMedCrossRef Launois R, Giroud M, Megnigbeto AC et al. (2004) Estimating the cost-effectiveness of stroke units in France compared with conventional care. Stroke 35: 770–775PubMedCrossRef
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Lavallee PC, Meseguer E, Abboud H et al. (2007) A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects. Lancet Neurol 6: 953–960PubMedCrossRef Lavallee PC, Meseguer E, Abboud H et al. (2007) A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects. Lancet Neurol 6: 953–960PubMedCrossRef
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Legg L, Langhorne P (2004) Rehabilitation therapy services for stroke patients living at home: systematic review of randomised trials. Lancet 363: 352–356PubMedCrossRef Legg L, Langhorne P (2004) Rehabilitation therapy services for stroke patients living at home: systematic review of randomised trials. Lancet 363: 352–356PubMedCrossRef
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Legg LA, Drummond AE, Langhorne P (2006) Occupational therapy for patients with problems in activities of daily living after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003585 Legg LA, Drummond AE, Langhorne P (2006) Occupational therapy for patients with problems in activities of daily living after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003585
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Lerakis S, Nicholson WJ (2005) Part I: use of echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with suspected cardioembolic stroke. Am J Med Sci 329: 310–316PubMedCrossRef Lerakis S, Nicholson WJ (2005) Part I: use of echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with suspected cardioembolic stroke. Am J Med Sci 329: 310–316PubMedCrossRef
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Lev M, Gonzalez R, Schaefer P et al. (2006) Cerebral blood flow thresholds in acute stroke triage. Stroke 37: 1334–1339CrossRef Lev M, Gonzalez R, Schaefer P et al. (2006) Cerebral blood flow thresholds in acute stroke triage. Stroke 37: 1334–1339CrossRef
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Leys D, Ringelstein EB, Kaste M et al. (2007) The main components of stroke unit care: results of a European expert survey. Cerebrovasc Dis 23: 344–352PubMedCrossRef Leys D, Ringelstein EB, Kaste M et al. (2007) The main components of stroke unit care: results of a European expert survey. Cerebrovasc Dis 23: 344–352PubMedCrossRef
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Liao J, Khalid Z, Scallan C et al. (2007) Noninvasive cardiac monitoring for detecting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke 38: 2935–2940PubMedCrossRef Liao J, Khalid Z, Scallan C et al. (2007) Noninvasive cardiac monitoring for detecting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke 38: 2935–2940PubMedCrossRef
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Lincoln NB, Husbands S, Trescoli C et al. (2000) Five year follow up of a randomised controlled trial of a stroke rehabilitation unit. BMJ 320: 549PubMedCrossRef Lincoln NB, Husbands S, Trescoli C et al. (2000) Five year follow up of a randomised controlled trial of a stroke rehabilitation unit. BMJ 320: 549PubMedCrossRef
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Lincoln NB, Majid MJ, Weyman N (2000) Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD002842 Lincoln NB, Majid MJ, Weyman N (2000) Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD002842
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Linden T, Blomstrand C, Skoog I (2007) Depressive disorders after 20 months in elderly stroke patients: a case-control study. Stroke 38: 1860–1863PubMedCrossRef Linden T, Blomstrand C, Skoog I (2007) Depressive disorders after 20 months in elderly stroke patients: a case-control study. Stroke 38: 1860–1863PubMedCrossRef
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindgren I, Jonsson AC, Norrving B et al. (2007) Shoulder pain after stroke: a prospective population-based study. Stroke 38: 343–348PubMedCrossRef Lindgren I, Jonsson AC, Norrving B et al. (2007) Shoulder pain after stroke: a prospective population-based study. Stroke 38: 343–348PubMedCrossRef
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindsberg P, Häppölä O, Kallela M et al. (2006) Door to thrombolysis: ER reorganization and reduced delays to acute stroke treatment. Neurology 67: 334–336PubMedCrossRef Lindsberg P, Häppölä O, Kallela M et al. (2006) Door to thrombolysis: ER reorganization and reduced delays to acute stroke treatment. Neurology 67: 334–336PubMedCrossRef
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M et al. (2006) Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367: 1747–1757PubMedCrossRef Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M et al. (2006) Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367: 1747–1757PubMedCrossRef
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Luiz T, Moosmann A, Koch C et al. (2001) Optimized logistics in the prehospital management of acute stroke. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 36: 735–741PubMedCrossRef Luiz T, Moosmann A, Koch C et al. (2001) Optimized logistics in the prehospital management of acute stroke. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 36: 735–741PubMedCrossRef
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Lyden P, Brott T, Tilley B et al. (1994) Improved reliability of the NIH Stroke Scale using video training. NINDS TPA Stroke Study Group. Stroke 25: 2220–2226PubMed Lyden P, Brott T, Tilley B et al. (1994) Improved reliability of the NIH Stroke Scale using video training. NINDS TPA Stroke Study Group. Stroke 25: 2220–2226PubMed
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Mackintosh SF, Goldie P, Hill K (2005) Falls incidence and factors associated with falling in older, community-dwelling, chronic stroke survivors (>1 year after stroke) and matched controls. Aging Clin Exp Res 17: 74–81PubMed Mackintosh SF, Goldie P, Hill K (2005) Falls incidence and factors associated with falling in older, community-dwelling, chronic stroke survivors (>1 year after stroke) and matched controls. Aging Clin Exp Res 17: 74–81PubMed
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Mackintosh SF, Hill KD, Dodd KJ et al. (2006) Balance score and a history of falls in hospital predict recurrent falls in the 6 months following stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87: 1583–1589PubMedCrossRef Mackintosh SF, Hill KD, Dodd KJ et al. (2006) Balance score and a history of falls in hospital predict recurrent falls in the 6 months following stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87: 1583–1589PubMedCrossRef
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Mandelzweig L, Goldbourt U, Boyko V et al. (2006) Perceptual, social and behavioral factors associated with delays in seeking medical care in patients with symptoms of acute stroke. Stroke 37: 1248–1253PubMedCrossRef Mandelzweig L, Goldbourt U, Boyko V et al. (2006) Perceptual, social and behavioral factors associated with delays in seeking medical care in patients with symptoms of acute stroke. Stroke 37: 1248–1253PubMedCrossRef
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Mann G, Hankey GJ, Cameron D (1999) Swallowing function after stroke: prognosis and prognostic factors at 6 months. Stroke 30: 744–748PubMed Mann G, Hankey GJ, Cameron D (1999) Swallowing function after stroke: prognosis and prognostic factors at 6 months. Stroke 30: 744–748PubMed
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Marinkovic S, Badlani G (2001) Voiding and sexual dysfunction after cerebrovascular accidents. J Urol 165: 359–370PubMedCrossRef Marinkovic S, Badlani G (2001) Voiding and sexual dysfunction after cerebrovascular accidents. J Urol 165: 359–370PubMedCrossRef
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Markus H, Cullinane M (2001) Severely impaired cerebrovascular reactivity predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. Brain 124: 457–467PubMedCrossRef Markus H, Cullinane M (2001) Severely impaired cerebrovascular reactivity predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. Brain 124: 457–467PubMedCrossRef
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Markus H, Droste D, Kaps M et al. (2005) Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic signal detection; the CARESS Trial. Circulation 111: 2233–2240PubMedCrossRef Markus H, Droste D, Kaps M et al. (2005) Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic signal detection; the CARESS Trial. Circulation 111: 2233–2240PubMedCrossRef
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Markus H, MacKinnon A (2005) Asymptomatic embolisation, detected by Doppler ultrasound, predicts stroke risk in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 36: 971–975PubMedCrossRef Markus H, MacKinnon A (2005) Asymptomatic embolisation, detected by Doppler ultrasound, predicts stroke risk in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 36: 971–975PubMedCrossRef
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S et al. (2005) Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis and pulmonary complications. Stroke 36: 2756–2763PubMedCrossRef Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S et al. (2005) Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis and pulmonary complications. Stroke 36: 2756–2763PubMedCrossRef
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattle HP, Arnold M, Georgiadis D et al. (2008) Comparison of Intraarterial and Intravenous Thrombolysis for Ischemic Stroke With Hyperdense Middle Cerebral Artery Sign. Stroke 39: 379–383PubMedCrossRef Mattle HP, Arnold M, Georgiadis D et al. (2008) Comparison of Intraarterial and Intravenous Thrombolysis for Ischemic Stroke With Hyperdense Middle Cerebral Artery Sign. Stroke 39: 379–383PubMedCrossRef
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Mazzone C, Chiodo GF, Sandercock P et al. (2004) Physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis in stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001922 Mazzone C, Chiodo GF, Sandercock P et al. (2004) Physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis in stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001922
198.
Zurück zum Zitat McLean DE (2004) Medical complications experienced by a cohort of stroke survivors during inpatient, tertiary-level stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85: 466–469PubMedCrossRef McLean DE (2004) Medical complications experienced by a cohort of stroke survivors during inpatient, tertiary-level stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85: 466–469PubMedCrossRef
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehdiratta M, Woolfenden A, Chapman K et al. (2006) Reduction in IV t-PA door to needle times using an Acute Stroke Triage Pathway. Can J Neurol Sci 33: 214–216PubMed Mehdiratta M, Woolfenden A, Chapman K et al. (2006) Reduction in IV t-PA door to needle times using an Acute Stroke Triage Pathway. Can J Neurol Sci 33: 214–216PubMed
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehrholz J, Werner C, Kugler J et al. (2007) Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD006185 Mehrholz J, Werner C, Kugler J et al. (2007) Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD006185
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Meijer R, Ihnenfeldt DS, de Groot IJ et al. (2003) Prognostic factors for ambulation and activities of daily living in the subacute phase after stroke. A systematic review of the literature. Clin Rehabil 17: 119–129PubMedCrossRef Meijer R, Ihnenfeldt DS, de Groot IJ et al. (2003) Prognostic factors for ambulation and activities of daily living in the subacute phase after stroke. A systematic review of the literature. Clin Rehabil 17: 119–129PubMedCrossRef
202.
Zurück zum Zitat Meythaler JM, Guin-Renfroe S, Johnson A et al. (2001) Prospective assessment of tizanidine for spasticity due to acquired brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82: 1155–1163PubMedCrossRef Meythaler JM, Guin-Renfroe S, Johnson A et al. (2001) Prospective assessment of tizanidine for spasticity due to acquired brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82: 1155–1163PubMedCrossRef
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell J, Ballard D, Whisnant J et al. (1996) What role do neurologists play in determining the costs and outcomes of stroke patients? Stroke 27: 1937–1943PubMed Mitchell J, Ballard D, Whisnant J et al. (1996) What role do neurologists play in determining the costs and outcomes of stroke patients? Stroke 27: 1937–1943PubMed
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Montaner J, Vidal C, Molina C et al. (2001) Selecting the target and the message for a stroke public education campaign: a local survey conducted by neurologists. Eur J Epidemiol 17: 581–586PubMedCrossRef Montaner J, Vidal C, Molina C et al. (2001) Selecting the target and the message for a stroke public education campaign: a local survey conducted by neurologists. Eur J Epidemiol 17: 581–586PubMedCrossRef
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Moodie M, Cadilhac D, Pearce D et al. (2006) Economic evaluation of Australian stroke services: a prospective, multicenter study comparing dedicated stroke units with other care modalities. Stroke 37: 2790–2795PubMedCrossRef Moodie M, Cadilhac D, Pearce D et al. (2006) Economic evaluation of Australian stroke services: a prospective, multicenter study comparing dedicated stroke units with other care modalities. Stroke 37: 2790–2795PubMedCrossRef
206.
Zurück zum Zitat Morgenstern L, Bartholomew L, Grotta J et al. (2003) Sustained benefit of a community and professional intervention to increase acute stroke therapy. Arch Intern Med 163: 2198–2202PubMedCrossRef Morgenstern L, Bartholomew L, Grotta J et al. (2003) Sustained benefit of a community and professional intervention to increase acute stroke therapy. Arch Intern Med 163: 2198–2202PubMedCrossRef
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Morgenstern L, Staub L, Chan W et al. (2002) Improving delivery of acute stroke therapy: The TLL Temple Foundation Stroke Project. Stroke 33: 160–166PubMedCrossRef Morgenstern L, Staub L, Chan W et al. (2002) Improving delivery of acute stroke therapy: The TLL Temple Foundation Stroke Project. Stroke 33: 160–166PubMedCrossRef
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Moseley AM, Stark A, Cameron ID et al. (2005) Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD002840 Moseley AM, Stark A, Cameron ID et al. (2005) Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD002840
209.
Zurück zum Zitat Moser D, Kimble L, Alberts M et al. (2006) Reducing delay in seeking treatment by patients with acute coronary syndrome and stroke a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on cardiovascular nursing and stroke council. Circulation 114: 168–182PubMedCrossRef Moser D, Kimble L, Alberts M et al. (2006) Reducing delay in seeking treatment by patients with acute coronary syndrome and stroke a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on cardiovascular nursing and stroke council. Circulation 114: 168–182PubMedCrossRef
210.
Zurück zum Zitat Mosley I, Nicol M, Donnan G et al. (2007) The impact of ambulance practice on acute stroke care. Stroke 38: 2765–2770PubMedCrossRef Mosley I, Nicol M, Donnan G et al. (2007) The impact of ambulance practice on acute stroke care. Stroke 38: 2765–2770PubMedCrossRef
211.
Zurück zum Zitat Muller JE (2000) Triggering of cardiac events by sexual activity: findings from a case-crossover analysis. Am J Cardiol 86: 14F-18FPubMedCrossRef Muller JE (2000) Triggering of cardiac events by sexual activity: findings from a case-crossover analysis. Am J Cardiol 86: 14F-18FPubMedCrossRef
212.
Zurück zum Zitat Müller-Nordhorn J, Nolte C, Rossnagel K et al. (2006) Knowledge about risk factors for stroke. A population-base survey with 28 090 participants. Stroke 37: 946–950PubMedCrossRef Müller-Nordhorn J, Nolte C, Rossnagel K et al. (2006) Knowledge about risk factors for stroke. A population-base survey with 28 090 participants. Stroke 37: 946–950PubMedCrossRef
213.
Zurück zum Zitat Nair RD, Lincoln NB (2007) Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD002293 Nair RD, Lincoln NB (2007) Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD002293
214.
Zurück zum Zitat Nedeltchev K, Fischer U, Arnold M et al. (2007) Low awareness of transient ischemic attacks and risk factors of stroke in a Swiss urban community. J Neurol 254: 179–184PubMedCrossRef Nedeltchev K, Fischer U, Arnold M et al. (2007) Low awareness of transient ischemic attacks and risk factors of stroke in a Swiss urban community. J Neurol 254: 179–184PubMedCrossRef
215.
Zurück zum Zitat Nederkoorn P, van der Graaf Y, Hunink M (2003) Duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography in carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review. Stroke 34: 1324–1332PubMedCrossRef Nederkoorn P, van der Graaf Y, Hunink M (2003) Duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography in carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review. Stroke 34: 1324–1332PubMedCrossRef
216.
Zurück zum Zitat NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1997) A systems approach to immediate evaluation and management of hyperacute stroke. Experience at eight centers and implications for community practice and patient care. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Stroke 28: 1530–1540 NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1997) A systems approach to immediate evaluation and management of hyperacute stroke. Experience at eight centers and implications for community practice and patient care. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Stroke 28: 1530–1540
217.
Zurück zum Zitat Nor A, Mc Allister C, Louw S et al. (2004) Agreement between ambulance paramedic- and physician –recorded neurological signs using the Face Arm Speech Test (FAST) in acute stroke patients. Stroke 35: 1355–1359PubMedCrossRef Nor A, Mc Allister C, Louw S et al. (2004) Agreement between ambulance paramedic- and physician –recorded neurological signs using the Face Arm Speech Test (FAST) in acute stroke patients. Stroke 35: 1355–1359PubMedCrossRef
218.
Zurück zum Zitat Nor AM, Davis J, Sen B et al. (2005) The Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale: development and validation of a stroke recognition instrument. Lancet Neurol 4: 727–734PubMedCrossRef Nor AM, Davis J, Sen B et al. (2005) The Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale: development and validation of a stroke recognition instrument. Lancet Neurol 4: 727–734PubMedCrossRef
219.
Zurück zum Zitat Norton B, Homer-Ward M, Donnelly MT et al. (1996) A randomised prospective comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding after acute dysphagic stroke. BMJ 312: 13–16PubMed Norton B, Homer-Ward M, Donnelly MT et al. (1996) A randomised prospective comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding after acute dysphagic stroke. BMJ 312: 13–16PubMed
220.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, Reisberg B et al. (2003) Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol 2: 89–98CrossRef O’Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, Reisberg B et al. (2003) Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol 2: 89–98CrossRef
221.
Zurück zum Zitat Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR et al. (2007) Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 334: 82PubMedCrossRef Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR et al. (2007) Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 334: 82PubMedCrossRef
222.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Mahony PG, Rodgers H, Thomson RG et al. (1997) Satisfaction with information and advice received by stroke patients. Clin Rehabil 11: 68–72CrossRef O’Mahony PG, Rodgers H, Thomson RG et al. (1997) Satisfaction with information and advice received by stroke patients. Clin Rehabil 11: 68–72CrossRef
223.
Zurück zum Zitat Oppenheim C, Lamy C, Touze E et al. (2006) Do transient ischemic attacks with diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities correspond to brain infarctions? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27: 1782–1787PubMed Oppenheim C, Lamy C, Touze E et al. (2006) Do transient ischemic attacks with diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities correspond to brain infarctions? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27: 1782–1787PubMed
224.
Zurück zum Zitat Pandian J, Jaison A, Deepak S et al. (2005) Public awareness of warning symptoms//risk factors//and treatment of stroke in northwest India. Stroke 36: 644–648PubMedCrossRef Pandian J, Jaison A, Deepak S et al. (2005) Public awareness of warning symptoms//risk factors//and treatment of stroke in northwest India. Stroke 36: 644–648PubMedCrossRef
225.
Zurück zum Zitat Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS et al. (2006) The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 20: 97–111PubMedCrossRef Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS et al. (2006) The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 20: 97–111PubMedCrossRef
226.
Zurück zum Zitat Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Grasso MG et al. (2000) Early versus delayed inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a matched comparison conducted in Italy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81: 695–700PubMed Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Grasso MG et al. (2000) Early versus delayed inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a matched comparison conducted in Italy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81: 695–700PubMed
227.
Zurück zum Zitat Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Pratesi L et al. (1998) Functional outcome in stroke inpatient rehabilitation: predicting no, low and high response patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 8: 228–234PubMedCrossRef Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Pratesi L et al. (1998) Functional outcome in stroke inpatient rehabilitation: predicting no, low and high response patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 8: 228–234PubMedCrossRef
228.
Zurück zum Zitat Paolucci S, Gandolfo C, Provinciali L et al. (2006) The Italian multicenter observational study on post-stroke depression (DESTRO). J Neurol 253: 556–562PubMedCrossRef Paolucci S, Gandolfo C, Provinciali L et al. (2006) The Italian multicenter observational study on post-stroke depression (DESTRO). J Neurol 253: 556–562PubMedCrossRef
229.
Zurück zum Zitat Parahoo K, Thompson K, Cooper M et al. (2003) Stroke: awareness of the signs, symptoms and risk factors-a population-based survey. Cerebrovasc Dis 16: 134–140PubMedCrossRef Parahoo K, Thompson K, Cooper M et al. (2003) Stroke: awareness of the signs, symptoms and risk factors-a population-based survey. Cerebrovasc Dis 16: 134–140PubMedCrossRef
230.
Zurück zum Zitat Parker MJ, Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ (2001) Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001255 Parker MJ, Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ (2001) Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001255
231.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel A, Knapp M, Perez I et al. (2004) Alternative strategies for stroke care: cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses from a prospective randomized controlled trial. Stroke 35: 196–203PubMedCrossRef Patel A, Knapp M, Perez I et al. (2004) Alternative strategies for stroke care: cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses from a prospective randomized controlled trial. Stroke 35: 196–203PubMedCrossRef
232.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel S, Levine S, Tilley B et al. (2001) Lack of clinical significance of early ischemic changes on computed tomography in acute stroke. JAMA 286: 2830–2838PubMedCrossRef Patel S, Levine S, Tilley B et al. (2001) Lack of clinical significance of early ischemic changes on computed tomography in acute stroke. JAMA 286: 2830–2838PubMedCrossRef
233.
Zurück zum Zitat Pittock SJ, Moore AP, Hardiman O et al. (2003) A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 15: 289–300PubMedCrossRef Pittock SJ, Moore AP, Hardiman O et al. (2003) A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 15: 289–300PubMedCrossRef
234.
Zurück zum Zitat Pollock A, Baer G, Langhorne P et al. (2007) Physiotherapy treatment approaches for the recovery of postural control and lower limb function following stroke: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 21: 395–410PubMedCrossRef Pollock A, Baer G, Langhorne P et al. (2007) Physiotherapy treatment approaches for the recovery of postural control and lower limb function following stroke: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 21: 395–410PubMedCrossRef
235.
Zurück zum Zitat Pomeroy VM, King LM, Pollock A et al. (2006) Electrostimulation for Promoting Recovery of Movement or Functional Ability After Stroke. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Stroke 37: 2441–2442CrossRef Pomeroy VM, King LM, Pollock A et al. (2006) Electrostimulation for Promoting Recovery of Movement or Functional Ability After Stroke. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Stroke 37: 2441–2442CrossRef
236.
Zurück zum Zitat Porteous GH, Corry MD, Smith WS (1999) Emergency medical services dispatcher identification of stroke and transient ischemic attack. Prehosp Emerg Care 3: 211–216PubMedCrossRef Porteous GH, Corry MD, Smith WS (1999) Emergency medical services dispatcher identification of stroke and transient ischemic attack. Prehosp Emerg Care 3: 211–216PubMedCrossRef
237.
Zurück zum Zitat Postert T, Federlein J, Przuntek H et al. (1997) Insufficient and absent acoustic temporal bone window: potential and limitations of transcranial contrast-enhanced color-coded sonography and contrast-enhanced power-based sonography. Ultrasound Med Biol 23: 857–862PubMedCrossRef Postert T, Federlein J, Przuntek H et al. (1997) Insufficient and absent acoustic temporal bone window: potential and limitations of transcranial contrast-enhanced color-coded sonography and contrast-enhanced power-based sonography. Ultrasound Med Biol 23: 857–862PubMedCrossRef
238.
Zurück zum Zitat Prass K, Meisel C, Höflich C et al. (2003) Stroke-induced immunodeficiency promotes spontaneous bacterial infections and is mediated by sympathetic activation reversal by poststroke T helper cell type 1-like immunostimulation. J Exp Med 198: 725–736PubMedCrossRef Prass K, Meisel C, Höflich C et al. (2003) Stroke-induced immunodeficiency promotes spontaneous bacterial infections and is mediated by sympathetic activation reversal by poststroke T helper cell type 1-like immunostimulation. J Exp Med 198: 725–736PubMedCrossRef
239.
Zurück zum Zitat Price CI, Pandyan AD (2001) Electrical stimulation for preventing and treating post-stroke shoulder pain: a systematic Cochrane review. Clin Rehabil 15: 5–19PubMedCrossRef Price CI, Pandyan AD (2001) Electrical stimulation for preventing and treating post-stroke shoulder pain: a systematic Cochrane review. Clin Rehabil 15: 5–19PubMedCrossRef
240.
Zurück zum Zitat Pulvermuller F, Neininger B, Elbert T et al. (2001) Constraint-induced therapy of chronic aphasia after stroke. Stroke 32: 1621–1626PubMed Pulvermuller F, Neininger B, Elbert T et al. (2001) Constraint-induced therapy of chronic aphasia after stroke. Stroke 32: 1621–1626PubMed
241.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramnemark A, Nilsson M, Borssen B et al. (2000) Stroke, a major and increasing risk factor for femoral neck fracture. Stroke 31: 1572–1577PubMed Ramnemark A, Nilsson M, Borssen B et al. (2000) Stroke, a major and increasing risk factor for femoral neck fracture. Stroke 31: 1572–1577PubMed
242.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramnemark A, Nyberg L, Borssen B et al. (1998) Fractures after stroke. Osteoporos Int 8: 92–95PubMedCrossRef Ramnemark A, Nyberg L, Borssen B et al. (1998) Fractures after stroke. Osteoporos Int 8: 92–95PubMedCrossRef
243.
Zurück zum Zitat Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA (2006) Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA 296: 974–984PubMedCrossRef Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA (2006) Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA 296: 974–984PubMedCrossRef
244.
Zurück zum Zitat Redgrave J, Coutts S, Schulz U et al. (2007) Systematic review of associations between the presence of acute ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging and clinical predictors of early stroke risk after transient ischemic attack. Stroke 38: 1482–1488PubMedCrossRef Redgrave J, Coutts S, Schulz U et al. (2007) Systematic review of associations between the presence of acute ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging and clinical predictors of early stroke risk after transient ischemic attack. Stroke 38: 1482–1488PubMedCrossRef
245.
Zurück zum Zitat Rickman J (1998) Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: psychological effects. Br J Nurs 7: 723–729PubMed Rickman J (1998) Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: psychological effects. Br J Nurs 7: 723–729PubMed
246.
Zurück zum Zitat Ringelstein E, Droste D, Babikian V et al. (1998) International Consensus Group on Microembolus Detection. Consensus on microembolus detection by TCD. Stroke 29: 725–729PubMed Ringelstein E, Droste D, Babikian V et al. (1998) International Consensus Group on Microembolus Detection. Consensus on microembolus detection by TCD. Stroke 29: 725–729PubMed
247.
Zurück zum Zitat Ringelstein E, Van Eyck S, Mertens I (1992) Evaluation of cerebral vasomotor reactivity by various vasodilating stimuli: comparison of CO2 to acetazolamide. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12: 162–168 Ringelstein E, Van Eyck S, Mertens I (1992) Evaluation of cerebral vasomotor reactivity by various vasodilating stimuli: comparison of CO2 to acetazolamide. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12: 162–168
248.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivers C, Wardlaw J, Armitage P et al. (2006) Do acute diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI lesions identify final infarct volume in ischaemic stroke? in Stroke. 98–104 Rivers C, Wardlaw J, Armitage P et al. (2006) Do acute diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI lesions identify final infarct volume in ischaemic stroke? in Stroke. 98–104
249.
Zurück zum Zitat Robey RR (1994) The efficacy of treatment for aphasic persons: a meta-analysis. Brain Lang 47: 582–608PubMedCrossRef Robey RR (1994) The efficacy of treatment for aphasic persons: a meta-analysis. Brain Lang 47: 582–608PubMedCrossRef
250.
Zurück zum Zitat Robey RR (1998) A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes in the treatment of aphasia. J Speech Lang Hear Res 41: 172–187PubMed Robey RR (1998) A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes in the treatment of aphasia. J Speech Lang Hear Res 41: 172–187PubMed
251.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodgers H (2000) The scope for rehabilitation in severely disabled stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil 22: 199–200PubMedCrossRef Rodgers H (2000) The scope for rehabilitation in severely disabled stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil 22: 199–200PubMedCrossRef
252.
Zurück zum Zitat Ronning OM, Guldvog B (1998) Outcome of subacute stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 29: 779–784PubMed Ronning OM, Guldvog B (1998) Outcome of subacute stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 29: 779–784PubMed
253.
Zurück zum Zitat Ronning OM, Guldvog B, Stavem K (2001) The benefit of an acute stroke unit in patients with intracranial haemorrhage: a controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70: 631–634PubMedCrossRef Ronning OM, Guldvog B, Stavem K (2001) The benefit of an acute stroke unit in patients with intracranial haemorrhage: a controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70: 631–634PubMedCrossRef
254.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosamond W, Evenson K, Schroeder E et al. (2005) Calling emergency medical services for acute stroke: a study of 9–1-1 tapes. Prehosp Emerg Care 9: 19–23PubMedCrossRef Rosamond W, Evenson K, Schroeder E et al. (2005) Calling emergency medical services for acute stroke: a study of 9–1-1 tapes. Prehosp Emerg Care 9: 19–23PubMedCrossRef
255.
Zurück zum Zitat Rothwell P, Buchan A, Johnston S (2005) Recent advances in management of transient ischaemic attacks and minor ischaemic strokes. Lancet Neurol 5: 323–331CrossRef Rothwell P, Buchan A, Johnston S (2005) Recent advances in management of transient ischaemic attacks and minor ischaemic strokes. Lancet Neurol 5: 323–331CrossRef
256.
Zurück zum Zitat Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Silver LE et al. (2005) Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet 366: 1773–1783PubMedCrossRef Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Silver LE et al. (2005) Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet 366: 1773–1783PubMedCrossRef
257.
Zurück zum Zitat Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A et al. (2007) Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet 370: 1432–1442PubMedCrossRef Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A et al. (2007) Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet 370: 1432–1442PubMedCrossRef
258.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubiera M, Ribo M, Delgado-Mederos R et al. (2006) Tandem internal carotid artery/middle cerebral artery occlusion. An independent predictor of poor outcome after systemic thrombolysis. Stroke 37: 2301–2305PubMedCrossRef Rubiera M, Ribo M, Delgado-Mederos R et al. (2006) Tandem internal carotid artery/middle cerebral artery occlusion. An independent predictor of poor outcome after systemic thrombolysis. Stroke 37: 2301–2305PubMedCrossRef
259.
Zurück zum Zitat Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G et al. (2006) Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 37: 577–617PubMedCrossRef Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G et al. (2006) Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 37: 577–617PubMedCrossRef
260.
Zurück zum Zitat Sackley C, Wade DT, Mant D et al. (2006) Cluster randomized pilot controlled trial of an occupational therapy intervention for residents with stroke in UK care homes. Stroke 37: 2336–2341PubMedCrossRef Sackley C, Wade DT, Mant D et al. (2006) Cluster randomized pilot controlled trial of an occupational therapy intervention for residents with stroke in UK care homes. Stroke 37: 2336–2341PubMedCrossRef
261.
Zurück zum Zitat Salter K, Jutai J, Hartley M et al. (2006) Impact of early vs delayed admission to rehabilitation on functional outcomes in persons with stroke. J Rehabil Med 38: 113–117PubMedCrossRef Salter K, Jutai J, Hartley M et al. (2006) Impact of early vs delayed admission to rehabilitation on functional outcomes in persons with stroke. J Rehabil Med 38: 113–117PubMedCrossRef
262.
Zurück zum Zitat Satkunam LE (2003) Rehabilitation medicine: 3 Management of adult spasticity. CMAJ 169: 1173–1179PubMed Satkunam LE (2003) Rehabilitation medicine: 3 Management of adult spasticity. CMAJ 169: 1173–1179PubMed
263.
Zurück zum Zitat Sato Y, Asoh T, Kaji M et al. (2000) Beneficial effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy in hemiplegic patients following an acute stroke. J Bone Miner Res 15: 2487–2494PubMedCrossRef Sato Y, Asoh T, Kaji M et al. (2000) Beneficial effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy in hemiplegic patients following an acute stroke. J Bone Miner Res 15: 2487–2494PubMedCrossRef
264.
Zurück zum Zitat Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T et al. (2005) Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 20: 187–192PubMedCrossRef Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T et al. (2005) Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 20: 187–192PubMedCrossRef
265.
Zurück zum Zitat Schellinger PD, Fiebach JB (2004) Intracranial hemorrhage: the role of magnetic resonance imaging. Neurocrit Care 1: 31–45PubMedCrossRef Schellinger PD, Fiebach JB (2004) Intracranial hemorrhage: the role of magnetic resonance imaging. Neurocrit Care 1: 31–45PubMedCrossRef
266.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt J, Drew-Cates J, Dombovy M (1999) Severe Disability After Stroke: Outcome after inpatient rehabilitation. Neurorehab Neural Repair 13: 199–203CrossRef Schmidt J, Drew-Cates J, Dombovy M (1999) Severe Disability After Stroke: Outcome after inpatient rehabilitation. Neurorehab Neural Repair 13: 199–203CrossRef
267.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt N, Huwel J, Weisner B (2005) Causes of a prolonged prehospital phase in patients admitted to a stroke unit. Can it be influenced by campaigns to educate the public? Nervenarzt 76: 181–185PubMedCrossRef Schmidt N, Huwel J, Weisner B (2005) Causes of a prolonged prehospital phase in patients admitted to a stroke unit. Can it be influenced by campaigns to educate the public? Nervenarzt 76: 181–185PubMedCrossRef
268.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider A, Pancioli A, Khoury J et al. (2003) Trends in community knowledge of the warning signs and risk factors for stroke. JAMA 289: 343–346PubMedCrossRef Schneider A, Pancioli A, Khoury J et al. (2003) Trends in community knowledge of the warning signs and risk factors for stroke. JAMA 289: 343–346PubMedCrossRef
269.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab S, Vatankhah B, Kukla C et al. (2007) Long-term outcome after thrombolysis in telemedical stroke care. Neurology 69: 898–903PubMedCrossRef Schwab S, Vatankhah B, Kukla C et al. (2007) Long-term outcome after thrombolysis in telemedical stroke care. Neurology 69: 898–903PubMedCrossRef
270.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwamm L, Rosenthal E, Hirshberg A et al. (2004) Virtual TeleStroke support for the emergency department evaluation of acute stroke. Acad Emerg Med 11: 1193–1197PubMedCrossRef Schwamm L, Rosenthal E, Hirshberg A et al. (2004) Virtual TeleStroke support for the emergency department evaluation of acute stroke. Acad Emerg Med 11: 1193–1197PubMedCrossRef
271.
Zurück zum Zitat Seenan P, Long M, Langhorne P (2007) Stroke units in their natural habitat: systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 38: 1886–1892PubMedCrossRef Seenan P, Long M, Langhorne P (2007) Stroke units in their natural habitat: systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 38: 1886–1892PubMedCrossRef
272.
Zurück zum Zitat Sellars C, Hughes T, Langhorne P (2005) Speech and language therapy for dysarthria due to non-progressive brain damage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD002088 Sellars C, Hughes T, Langhorne P (2005) Speech and language therapy for dysarthria due to non-progressive brain damage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD002088
273.
Zurück zum Zitat Shafqat S, Kvedar J, Guanci M et al. (1999) Role for telemedicine in acute stroke: feasibility and reliability of remote administration of the NIH Stroke Scale. Stroke 30: 2141–2145PubMed Shafqat S, Kvedar J, Guanci M et al. (1999) Role for telemedicine in acute stroke: feasibility and reliability of remote administration of the NIH Stroke Scale. Stroke 30: 2141–2145PubMed
274.
Zurück zum Zitat Shah S, Vanclay F, Cooper B (1990) Efficiency, effectiveness and duration of stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 21: 241–246PubMed Shah S, Vanclay F, Cooper B (1990) Efficiency, effectiveness and duration of stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 21: 241–246PubMed
275.
Zurück zum Zitat Sherman DG, Albers GW, Bladin C et al. (2007) The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL Study): an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet 369: 1347–1355PubMedCrossRef Sherman DG, Albers GW, Bladin C et al. (2007) The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL Study): an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet 369: 1347–1355PubMedCrossRef
276.
Zurück zum Zitat Silbergleit R, Scott P, Lowell M et al. (2003) Cost-effectiveness of helicopter transfer of stroke patients for thrombolysis. Acad Emerg Med 10: 966–972PubMed Silbergleit R, Scott P, Lowell M et al. (2003) Cost-effectiveness of helicopter transfer of stroke patients for thrombolysis. Acad Emerg Med 10: 966–972PubMed
277.
Zurück zum Zitat Silliman S, Quinn B, Huggert V et al. (2003) Use of a field-to-stroke center helicopter transport program to extend thrombolytic therapy to rural residents. Stroke 34: 729–733PubMedCrossRef Silliman S, Quinn B, Huggert V et al. (2003) Use of a field-to-stroke center helicopter transport program to extend thrombolytic therapy to rural residents. Stroke 34: 729–733PubMedCrossRef
278.
Zurück zum Zitat Sjogren K, Fugl-Meyer AR (1982) Adjustment to life after stroke with special reference to sexual intercourse and leisure. J Psychosom Res 26: 409–417PubMedCrossRef Sjogren K, Fugl-Meyer AR (1982) Adjustment to life after stroke with special reference to sexual intercourse and leisure. J Psychosom Res 26: 409–417PubMedCrossRef
279.
Zurück zum Zitat Sobesky J, Frackowiak M, Zaro Weber O et al. (2007) The cologne stroke experience: safety and outcome in 450 patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 24: 56–65PubMedCrossRef Sobesky J, Frackowiak M, Zaro Weber O et al. (2007) The cologne stroke experience: safety and outcome in 450 patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 24: 56–65PubMedCrossRef
280.
Zurück zum Zitat Steiner T, Kaste M, Forsting M et al. (2006) Recommendations for the management of intracranial haemorrhage – part I: spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee and the Writing Committee for the EUSI Executive Committee. Cerebrovasc Dis 22: 294–316PubMed Steiner T, Kaste M, Forsting M et al. (2006) Recommendations for the management of intracranial haemorrhage – part I: spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee and the Writing Committee for the EUSI Executive Committee. Cerebrovasc Dis 22: 294–316PubMed
281.
Zurück zum Zitat Stroke Liaison Workers Collaboration (2006) Meta-analysis of stroke liaison workers for patients and carers: results by intervention characteristic. Cerebrovasc Dis 21: 120 Stroke Liaison Workers Collaboration (2006) Meta-analysis of stroke liaison workers for patients and carers: results by intervention characteristic. Cerebrovasc Dis 21: 120
282.
Zurück zum Zitat Stroke Unit Trialists‘ Collaboration (1997) How do stroke units improve patient outcomes? A collaborative systematic review of the randomized trials. Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration. Stroke 28: 2139–2144 Stroke Unit Trialists‘ Collaboration (1997) How do stroke units improve patient outcomes? A collaborative systematic review of the randomized trials. Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration. Stroke 28: 2139–2144
283.
Zurück zum Zitat Stroke Unit Trialists‘ Collaboration (1997) A systematic review of the randomised trials of organised impatient (stroke unit) care after stroke. BMJ 314: 1151–1159 Stroke Unit Trialists‘ Collaboration (1997) A systematic review of the randomised trials of organised impatient (stroke unit) care after stroke. BMJ 314: 1151–1159
284.
Zurück zum Zitat Stroke Unit Trialists‘ Collaboration (2007) Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD000197 Stroke Unit Trialists‘ Collaboration (2007) Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD000197
285.
Zurück zum Zitat Sug Yoon S, Heller R, Levi C et al. (2001) Knowledge of stroke risk factors, warning symptoms and treatment among an Australian urban population. Stroke 32: 1926–1930 Sug Yoon S, Heller R, Levi C et al. (2001) Knowledge of stroke risk factors, warning symptoms and treatment among an Australian urban population. Stroke 32: 1926–1930
286.
Zurück zum Zitat Suzuki M, Imai A, Honda M et al. (2004) Role of a critical pathway for door-to-CT-completion interval in the management of acute ischemic stroke patients in the emergency room. Keio J Med 53: 247–250PubMedCrossRef Suzuki M, Imai A, Honda M et al. (2004) Role of a critical pathway for door-to-CT-completion interval in the management of acute ischemic stroke patients in the emergency room. Keio J Med 53: 247–250PubMedCrossRef
287.
Zurück zum Zitat Svenson J, O’Connor J, Lindsay M (2006) Is air transport faster? A comparison of air versus ground transport times for interfacility transfers in a regional referral system. Air Med J 25: 170–172PubMedCrossRef Svenson J, O’Connor J, Lindsay M (2006) Is air transport faster? A comparison of air versus ground transport times for interfacility transfers in a regional referral system. Air Med J 25: 170–172PubMedCrossRef
288.
Zurück zum Zitat Tatschl C, Stollberger C, Matz K et al. (2006) Insular involvement is associated with QT prolongation: ECG abnormalities in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 21: 47–53PubMedCrossRef Tatschl C, Stollberger C, Matz K et al. (2006) Insular involvement is associated with QT prolongation: ECG abnormalities in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 21: 47–53PubMedCrossRef
289.
Zurück zum Zitat Teasell R, Foley N, Bhogal S et al. (2006) Evidence-based practice and setting basic standards for stroke rehabilitation in Canada. Top Stroke Rehabil 13: 59–65PubMedCrossRef Teasell R, Foley N, Bhogal S et al. (2006) Evidence-based practice and setting basic standards for stroke rehabilitation in Canada. Top Stroke Rehabil 13: 59–65PubMedCrossRef
290.
Zurück zum Zitat Teasell R, McRae M, Foley N et al. (2002) The incidence and consequences of falls in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation: factors associated with high risk. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83: 329–333PubMedCrossRef Teasell R, McRae M, Foley N et al. (2002) The incidence and consequences of falls in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation: factors associated with high risk. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83: 329–333PubMedCrossRef
291.
Zurück zum Zitat The European Stroke Initiative Executive Committee and the EUSI Writing Committee (2003) European Stroke Initiative Recommendations for Stroke Management – Update 2003. Cerebrovasc Dis 16: 311–337CrossRef The European Stroke Initiative Executive Committee and the EUSI Writing Committee (2003) European Stroke Initiative Recommendations for Stroke Management – Update 2003. Cerebrovasc Dis 16: 311–337CrossRef
292.
Zurück zum Zitat The National Board of Health and Welfare (2000) Swedish National Guidelines for the Management of Stroke, Version for Health and Medical Personnel 2000. Article number: 2002–102–1 The National Board of Health and Welfare (2000) Swedish National Guidelines for the Management of Stroke, Version for Health and Medical Personnel 2000. Article number: 2002–102–1
293.
Zurück zum Zitat The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1995) Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. New Engl J Med 333: 1581–1587CrossRef The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1995) Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. New Engl J Med 333: 1581–1587CrossRef
294.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas LH, Barrett J, Cross S et al. (2005) Prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD004462 Thomas LH, Barrett J, Cross S et al. (2005) Prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD004462
295.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas SA, Lincoln NB (2006) Factors relating to depression after stroke. Br J Clin Psychol 45: 49–61PubMedCrossRef Thomas SA, Lincoln NB (2006) Factors relating to depression after stroke. Br J Clin Psychol 45: 49–61PubMedCrossRef
296.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas SH, Kociszewski C, Schwamm LH et al. (2002) The evolving role of helicopter emergency medical services in the transfer of stroke patients to specialized centers. Prehosp Emerg Care 6: 210–214PubMedCrossRef Thomas SH, Kociszewski C, Schwamm LH et al. (2002) The evolving role of helicopter emergency medical services in the transfer of stroke patients to specialized centers. Prehosp Emerg Care 6: 210–214PubMedCrossRef
297.
Zurück zum Zitat Tilley B, Lyden P, Brott T et al. (2007) Total Quality improvement method for reduction of delays between emergency department admission and treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Arch Neurol 30: 676–682 Tilley B, Lyden P, Brott T et al. (2007) Total Quality improvement method for reduction of delays between emergency department admission and treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Arch Neurol 30: 676–682
298.
Zurück zum Zitat Trapl M, Enderle P, Nowotny M et al. (2007) Dysphagia bedside screening for acute-stroke patients: the Gugging Swallowing Screen. Stroke 38: 2948–2952PubMedCrossRef Trapl M, Enderle P, Nowotny M et al. (2007) Dysphagia bedside screening for acute-stroke patients: the Gugging Swallowing Screen. Stroke 38: 2948–2952PubMedCrossRef
299.
Zurück zum Zitat van de Meent H, Geurts AC, Van Limbeek J (2003) Pharmacologic treatment of poststroke depression: a systematic review of the literature. Top Stroke Rehabil 10: 79–92 van de Meent H, Geurts AC, Van Limbeek J (2003) Pharmacologic treatment of poststroke depression: a systematic review of the literature. Top Stroke Rehabil 10: 79–92
300.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Lee JH, Snels IA, Beckerman H et al. (2001) Exercise therapy for arm function in stroke patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil 15: 20–31CrossRef van der Lee JH, Snels IA, Beckerman H et al. (2001) Exercise therapy for arm function in stroke patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil 15: 20–31CrossRef
301.
Zurück zum Zitat van Kuijk AA, Geurts AC, Bevaart BJ et al. (2002) Treatment of upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients by focal neuronal or neuromuscular blockade: a systematic review of the literature. J Rehabil Med 34: 51–61CrossRef van Kuijk AA, Geurts AC, Bevaart BJ et al. (2002) Treatment of upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients by focal neuronal or neuromuscular blockade: a systematic review of the literature. J Rehabil Med 34: 51–61CrossRef
302.
Zurück zum Zitat van Peppen RP, Hendriks HJ, van Meeteren NL et al. (2007) The development of a clinical practice stroke guideline for physiotherapists in The Netherlands: a systematic review of available evidence. Disabil Rehabil 29: 767–783CrossRef van Peppen RP, Hendriks HJ, van Meeteren NL et al. (2007) The development of a clinical practice stroke guideline for physiotherapists in The Netherlands: a systematic review of available evidence. Disabil Rehabil 29: 767–783CrossRef
303.
Zurück zum Zitat van Peppen RP, Kwakkel G, Wood-Dauphinee S et al. (2004) The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: what’s the evidence? Clin Rehabil 18: 833–862CrossRef van Peppen RP, Kwakkel G, Wood-Dauphinee S et al. (2004) The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: what’s the evidence? Clin Rehabil 18: 833–862CrossRef
304.
Zurück zum Zitat Vassallo M, Vignaraja R, Sharma JC et al. (2004) The effect of changing practice on fall prevention in a rehabilitative hospital: the Hospital Injury Prevention Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 52: 335–339PubMedCrossRef Vassallo M, Vignaraja R, Sharma JC et al. (2004) The effect of changing practice on fall prevention in a rehabilitative hospital: the Hospital Injury Prevention Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 52: 335–339PubMedCrossRef
305.
Zurück zum Zitat von Kummer R (1998) Effect of training in reading CT scans on patient selection for ECASS II in Neurology. S50–S52 von Kummer R (1998) Effect of training in reading CT scans on patient selection for ECASS II in Neurology. S50–S52
306.
Zurück zum Zitat von Kummer R, Allen K, Holle R et al. (1997) Acute stroke: usefulness of early CT findings before thrombolytic therapy. Radiology 205: 327–333 von Kummer R, Allen K, Holle R et al. (1997) Acute stroke: usefulness of early CT findings before thrombolytic therapy. Radiology 205: 327–333
307.
Zurück zum Zitat von Kummer R, Bourquain H, Bastianello S et al. (2001) Early prediction of irreversible brain damage after ischemic stroke by computed tomography. Radiology 219: 95–100 von Kummer R, Bourquain H, Bastianello S et al. (2001) Early prediction of irreversible brain damage after ischemic stroke by computed tomography. Radiology 219: 95–100
308.
Zurück zum Zitat von Kummer R, Meyding-Lamadé U, Forsting M et al. (1994) Sensitivity and prognostic value of early computed tomography in middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15: 9–15 von Kummer R, Meyding-Lamadé U, Forsting M et al. (1994) Sensitivity and prognostic value of early computed tomography in middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15: 9–15
309.
Zurück zum Zitat Vuagnat H, Chantraine A (2003) Shoulder pain in hemiplegia revisited: contribution of functional electrical stimulation and other therapies. J Rehabil Med 35: 49–54PubMedCrossRef Vuagnat H, Chantraine A (2003) Shoulder pain in hemiplegia revisited: contribution of functional electrical stimulation and other therapies. J Rehabil Med 35: 49–54PubMedCrossRef
310.
Zurück zum Zitat Walker M, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P et al. (2004) Individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of community occupational therapy for stroke patients. Stroke 35: 2226–2232PubMedCrossRef Walker M, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P et al. (2004) Individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of community occupational therapy for stroke patients. Stroke 35: 2226–2232PubMedCrossRef
311.
Zurück zum Zitat Walsh T, Cotter S, Boland M et al. (2006) Stroke unit care is superior to general rehabilitation unit care. Air Med J 99: 300–302 Walsh T, Cotter S, Boland M et al. (2006) Stroke unit care is superior to general rehabilitation unit care. Air Med J 99: 300–302
312.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang M, Lavine S, Soukiasian H et al. (2001) Treating stroke as a medical emergency: a survey of resident physicians‘ attitudes toward «brain attack» and carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 48: 1109–1115PubMedCrossRef Wang M, Lavine S, Soukiasian H et al. (2001) Treating stroke as a medical emergency: a survey of resident physicians‘ attitudes toward «brain attack» and carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 48: 1109–1115PubMedCrossRef
313.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang S, Lee S, Pardue C et al. (2003) Remote evaluation of acute ischemic stroke: reliability of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale via telestroke. Stroke 34: 188–191CrossRef Wang S, Lee S, Pardue C et al. (2003) Remote evaluation of acute ischemic stroke: reliability of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale via telestroke. Stroke 34: 188–191CrossRef
314.
Zurück zum Zitat Wardlaw J, Chappell F, Best J et al. (2006) Non-invasive imaging compared with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet 367: 1503–1512PubMedCrossRef Wardlaw J, Chappell F, Best J et al. (2006) Non-invasive imaging compared with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet 367: 1503–1512PubMedCrossRef
315.
Zurück zum Zitat Wardlaw J, Farrall A, Perry D et al. (2007) Factors influencing detection of early CT signs of cerebral ischaemia – an internet-based, international, multi-observer study. Stroke 38: 1250–1256PubMedCrossRef Wardlaw J, Farrall A, Perry D et al. (2007) Factors influencing detection of early CT signs of cerebral ischaemia – an internet-based, international, multi-observer study. Stroke 38: 1250–1256PubMedCrossRef
316.
Zurück zum Zitat Wardlaw J, Keir S, Bastin M et al. (2002) Is diffusion imaging appearance an independent predictor of outcome after ischemic stroke? Neurology 59: 1381–1387PubMedCrossRef Wardlaw J, Keir S, Bastin M et al. (2002) Is diffusion imaging appearance an independent predictor of outcome after ischemic stroke? Neurology 59: 1381–1387PubMedCrossRef
317.
Zurück zum Zitat Wardlaw J, Keir S, Dennis M (2003) The impact of delays in computed tomography of the brain on the accuracy of diagnosis and subsequent management in patients with minor stroke. JNNP 74: 77–81 Wardlaw J, Keir S, Dennis M (2003) The impact of delays in computed tomography of the brain on the accuracy of diagnosis and subsequent management in patients with minor stroke. JNNP 74: 77–81
318.
Zurück zum Zitat Wardlaw J, Mielke O (2005) Early signs of brain infarction at CT: Observer reliability and Outcome after thrombolytic treatment – systematic review. Radiology 235: 444–453PubMedCrossRef Wardlaw J, Mielke O (2005) Early signs of brain infarction at CT: Observer reliability and Outcome after thrombolytic treatment – systematic review. Radiology 235: 444–453PubMedCrossRef
319.
Zurück zum Zitat Wardlaw J, Seymour J, Cairns J et al. (2004) Immediate computed tomography scanning of acute stroke is cost-effective and improves quality of life. Stroke 35: 2477–2483PubMedCrossRef Wardlaw J, Seymour J, Cairns J et al. (2004) Immediate computed tomography scanning of acute stroke is cost-effective and improves quality of life. Stroke 35: 2477–2483PubMedCrossRef
320.
Zurück zum Zitat Wardlaw J, West T, Sandercock P et al. (2003) The International Stroke Trials Collaborative Group: Visible infarction on computed tomography is an independent predictor of poor functional outcome after stroke and not of haemorrhagic transformation. JNNP 74: 452–458 Wardlaw J, West T, Sandercock P et al. (2003) The International Stroke Trials Collaborative Group: Visible infarction on computed tomography is an independent predictor of poor functional outcome after stroke and not of haemorrhagic transformation. JNNP 74: 452–458
321.
Zurück zum Zitat Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Stevenson M et al. (2006) Accurate, practical and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK. Health Technol Assess 10: iii-iv, ix-x, 1–182PubMed Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Stevenson M et al. (2006) Accurate, practical and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK. Health Technol Assess 10: iii-iv, ix-x, 1–182PubMed
322.
Zurück zum Zitat Ween JE, Alexander MP, D’Esposito M et al. (1996) Factors predictive of stroke outcome in a rehabilitation setting. Neurology 47: 388–392PubMed Ween JE, Alexander MP, D’Esposito M et al. (1996) Factors predictive of stroke outcome in a rehabilitation setting. Neurology 47: 388–392PubMed
323.
Zurück zum Zitat Weimar C, Roth MP, Zillessen G et al. (2002) Complications following acute ischemic stroke. Eur Neurol 48: 133–140PubMedCrossRef Weimar C, Roth MP, Zillessen G et al. (2002) Complications following acute ischemic stroke. Eur Neurol 48: 133–140PubMedCrossRef
324.
Zurück zum Zitat Wein TH, Staub L, Felberg R et al. (2000) Activation of emergency medical services for acute stroke in a nonurban population: the T.L.L. Temple Foundation Stroke Project. Stroke 31: 1925–1928PubMed Wein TH, Staub L, Felberg R et al. (2000) Activation of emergency medical services for acute stroke in a nonurban population: the T.L.L. Temple Foundation Stroke Project. Stroke 31: 1925–1928PubMed
325.
Zurück zum Zitat WHO (2001) International classification of functioning disability and Health in Geneva World Health Organisation WHO (2001) International classification of functioning disability and Health in Geneva World Health Organisation
326.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiborg A, Widder B (2003) Teleneurology to improve stroke care in rural areas: The Telemedicine in Stroke in Swabia (TESS) Project. Stroke 34: 2951–2956PubMedCrossRef Wiborg A, Widder B (2003) Teleneurology to improve stroke care in rural areas: The Telemedicine in Stroke in Swabia (TESS) Project. Stroke 34: 2951–2956PubMedCrossRef
327.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiffen P, Collins S, McQuay H et al. (2005) Anticonvulsant drugs for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001133 Wiffen P, Collins S, McQuay H et al. (2005) Anticonvulsant drugs for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001133
328.
Zurück zum Zitat Willinsky R, Taylor S, TerBrugge K et al. (2003) Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography: prospective analysis of 2,899 procedures and review of the literature. Radiology 227: 522–528PubMedCrossRef Willinsky R, Taylor S, TerBrugge K et al. (2003) Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography: prospective analysis of 2,899 procedures and review of the literature. Radiology 227: 522–528PubMedCrossRef
329.
Zurück zum Zitat Wintermark M, Reichhart M, Thiran J et al. (2002) Prognostic accuracy of cerebral blood flow measurement by perfusion computed tomography, at the time of emergency room admission, in acute stroke patients. Ann Neurol 51: 417–432PubMedCrossRef Wintermark M, Reichhart M, Thiran J et al. (2002) Prognostic accuracy of cerebral blood flow measurement by perfusion computed tomography, at the time of emergency room admission, in acute stroke patients. Ann Neurol 51: 417–432PubMedCrossRef
330.
Zurück zum Zitat Wojner-Alexandrov AW, Alexandrov AV, Rodriguez D et al. (2005) Houston paramedic and emergency stroke treatment and outcomes study (HoPSTO). Stroke 36: 1512–1518PubMedCrossRef Wojner-Alexandrov AW, Alexandrov AV, Rodriguez D et al. (2005) Houston paramedic and emergency stroke treatment and outcomes study (HoPSTO). Stroke 36: 1512–1518PubMedCrossRef
331.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf SL, Winstein CJ, Miller JP et al. (2006) Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 296: 2095–2104PubMedCrossRef Wolf SL, Winstein CJ, Miller JP et al. (2006) Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 296: 2095–2104PubMedCrossRef
332.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu O, Langhorne P (2006) The challenge of acute-stroke management: Does telemedicine offer a solution? Int J Stroke 1: 201–207CrossRefPubMed Wu O, Langhorne P (2006) The challenge of acute-stroke management: Does telemedicine offer a solution? Int J Stroke 1: 201–207CrossRefPubMed
333.
Zurück zum Zitat Wyller TB, Sodring KM, Sveen U et al. (1997) Are there gender differences in functional outcome after stroke? Clin Rehabil 11: 171–179PubMedCrossRef Wyller TB, Sodring KM, Sveen U et al. (1997) Are there gender differences in functional outcome after stroke? Clin Rehabil 11: 171–179PubMedCrossRef
334.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu R, San Jose M, Manzanilla B et al. (2002) Sources and reasons for delays in the care of acute stroke patients. J Neurol Sci 199: 49–54PubMedCrossRef Yu R, San Jose M, Manzanilla B et al. (2002) Sources and reasons for delays in the care of acute stroke patients. J Neurol Sci 199: 49–54PubMedCrossRef
335.
Zurück zum Zitat Zabalgoitia M, Halperin JL, Pearce LA et al. (1998) Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 31: 1622–1626PubMedCrossRef Zabalgoitia M, Halperin JL, Pearce LA et al. (1998) Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 31: 1622–1626PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Leitlinien zum Management von Patienten mit akutem Hirninfarkt oder TIA der Europäischen Schlaganfallorganisation 2008
Teil 1
verfasst von
PD Dr. P. Ringleb
P.D. Schellinger
W. Hacke
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2008
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Der Nervenarzt / Ausgabe 8/2008
Print ISSN: 0028-2804
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-008-2531-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2008

Der Nervenarzt 8/2008 Zur Ausgabe

CME Weiterbildung • Zertifizierte Fortbildung

Tremor