Background
Methods
Suicides
Accidental deaths
Community controls
Procedure, suicides and accidents
Procedure, community controls
Suicide group (n = 41) | Accident group (n = 43) | Statistics Suicides vs. accidents | Community controls (n = 410) | Statistics Suicide vs. community controls | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | p | n | (%) | OR | 95%CI | p | |||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | |||||||||
Informant | .37 | |||||||||||
Mother | 14 | (34) | 21 | (49) | ||||||||
Father | 4 | (10) | 4 | (9) | ||||||||
Both | 23 | (56) | 18 | (42) | ||||||||
Informant, mean age | ||||||||||||
Mother | 42 | (SD 4.6) | 42 | (SD 6.5) | .85 | |||||||
Father | 44 | (SD 6.4) | 45 | (SD 6.2) | .81 | |||||||
Ethnicity, mother | ||||||||||||
Norwegian | 40 | (98) | 43 | (100) | .48 | |||||||
Other | 1 | (2) | 0 | |||||||||
Ethnicity, father | ||||||||||||
Norwegian | 38 | (93) | 43 | (100) | .11 | |||||||
Other | 3 | (7) | 0 | |||||||||
Parents living together | (n = 233)* | |||||||||||
Yes | 29 | (71) | 26 | (60.5) | 1.0 | 187 | (80) | 1.0 | ||||
No | 12 | (29) | 17 | (39.5) | .6 | .3-1.5 | .37 | 46 | (20) | 1.6 | .7-3.5 | .21 |
Education, mother | (n = 40) | (n = 42) | (n = 373)* | |||||||||
Elementary/secondary school | 25 | (63) | 31 | (74) | 1.0 | 259 | (69) | 1.0 | ||||
University | 15 | (38) | 11 | (26) | 1.7 | .7-4.3 | .34 | 114 | (31) | 1.3 | .7-2.7 | .37 |
Education, father | (n = 39) | (n = 42) | (n = 339)* | |||||||||
Elementary/secondary school | 21 | (54) | 28 | (67) | 1.0 | 226 | (67) | 1.0 | ||||
University | 18 | (46) | 14 | (33) | 1.7 | .7-4.2 | .26 | 113 | (33) | 1.7 | .9-3.3 | .11 |
Occupational status, mother | (n = 147)* | |||||||||||
Fulltime/part time employee | 33 | (80) | 25 | (58) | 1.0 | 140 | (95) | 1.0 | ||||
Unemployed, other | 8 | (20) | 18 | (42) | .3 | .1-.8 |
.03
| 7 | (5) | 4.8 | 1.6-14 |
<.01
|
Occupational status, father | (n = 104)* | |||||||||||
Fulltime/part time employee | 28 | (68) | 30 | (72) | 1.0 | 98 | (94) | 1.0 | ||||
Unemployed, other | 13 | (32) | 12 | (29) | 1.1 | .4-2.9 | .81 | 6 | (6) | 7.6 | 2.6-21.8 |
<.01
|
Measurements
Ethics
Statistical analyses
Suicide
(n = 41)
| Accident
(n = 43)
| Statistics | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | OR | 95% CI |
p
| |
Demographics
| |||||||
Gender | |||||||
Girls | 12 | (29) | 20 | (46.5) | 1.0 | ||
Boys | 29 | (71) | 23 | (53.5) | 2.1 | .9-.5.2 | .12 |
Birth weight (grams) | 3559 | (SD 653) | 3551 | (SD566) | .95 | ||
Birth length (cm) | 50.3 | (SD 2.5) | 50.6 | (SD 2.2) | .67 | ||
Mean age (range) | 14.4 | (11.7-15.9) | 13.5 | (10.5-15.9) |
<.01
| ||
Girls | 14.4 | (11.7-15.9) | 13.2 | (10-15.9) |
.05
| ||
Boys | 14.4 | (12-15.9) | 13.8 | (10-15.9) | .10 | ||
Residence | |||||||
Rural | 30 | (73) | 25 | (58) | 1.0 | ||
Urban | 11 | (27) | 18 | (42) | 1.9 | .8-4.9 | .17 |
Change of residence | |||||||
Never | 17 | (41.5) | 25 | (58) | 1.0 | .22 | |
Once | 17 | (41.5) | 15 | (35) | 1.7 | .7-4.2 | .28 |
Twice or more | 7 | (17) | 3 | (7) | 3.4 | .8-15.2 | .10 |
Change of school | |||||||
Never | 32 | (78) | 39 | (91) | 1.0 | .26 | |
Once | 8 | (20) | 3 | (7) | 3.3 | .8-13.3 | .10 |
Twice or more | 1 | (2) | 1 | (2) | 1.2 | .1-20.3 | .89 |
Somatic health | |||||||
Good | 37 | (90) | 42 | (98) | 1.0 | ||
Some problems | 4 | (10) | 1 | (2) | 4.5 | .5-42.5 | .19 |
Mental health
| |||||||
Mental health | |||||||
Good | 27 | (66) | 38 | (88) | 1.0 | ||
Some problems | 14 | (34) | 5 | (12) | 3.9 | 1.-12 |
.02
|
Psychiatric diagnosis |
(n = 40)
| ||||||
Affective disorder | 2 | (5) | 0 | (0) | |||
Anxiety disorder | 1 | (3) | 1 | (2) | |||
Asperger disorder | 1 | (3) | 0 | (0) | |||
ADHD | 1 | (3) | 1 | (2) | |||
ADHD + conduct disorder | 1 | (3) | 1 | (2) | |||
Affective + anxiety | 1 | (3) | 0 | (0) | |||
Affective + anxiety + Asperger | 1 | (3) | 0 | (0) | |||
No disorder | 32 | (80) | 40 | (90) | 3.3 | .8-13.6 | .07 |
Sub threshold depression | |||||||
No | 28 | (70) | 42 | (98) | 1.0 | ||
Yes | 12 | (30) | 1 | (2) | 18. | 2.2-146.3 |
<.01
|
C-GAS | |||||||
Mean | 72 | (SD 14) | 83 | (SD 14) | |||
Range | 36-95 | 33-98 |
<.01
| ||||
Specific learning difficulties | |||||||
No | 38 | (93) | 37 | (86) | 1.0 | ||
Yes | 3 | (7) | 6 | (14) | 2.0 | .5-8.0 | .48 |
Personality trait* | |||||||
Vulnerable | 21 | (51) | 4 | (9) | 10. | 3.0-33 |
<.01
|
Worried | 7 | (17) | 1 | (2) | 8. | 1.0-70 | .06 |
Confident | 4 | (10) | 15 | (35) | 5. | 1.4-16 |
<.01
|
Impulsive | 6 | (15) | 0 | - | 1.7-2.7 |
.02
| |
Suicidal behavior | |||||||
Suicidal threats | 4 | (10) | 0 | - |
.05
| ||
Suicide interest | 19 | (47.5) | 1 | (2) | 38. | 4.7-303 |
<.01
|
Suicide attempts | 5 | (12.5) | 0 | - | 2.2 | 1.7-2.8 |
.02
|
Received help
| |||||||
School psychology services | |||||||
No | 34 | (83) | 35 | (81) | 1.0 | ||
Yes | 7 | (17) | 8 | (19) | .9 | .2-2.7 | 1.0 |
Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | |||||||
No | 36 | (88) | 39 | (91) | 1.0 | ||
Yes | 5 | (12) | 4 | (9) | 1.3 | .3-5.4 | .74 |
Stressors
| |||||||
Suspected assault | 5 | (12) | 1 | (2) | 5.8 | .7-52.2 | .10 |
Bullied | |||||||
No | 29 | (71) | 37 | (86) | 1.0 | ||
Yes | 12 | (29) | 6 | (14) | 2.5 | .9-7.6 | .11 |
Experience of loss | |||||||
No | 21 | (51) | 35 | (81) | 1.0 | ||
Yes | 20 | (49) | 8 | (19) | 4.1 | 1.5 -11.0 |
<.01
|
Stressful conflict | |||||||
No | 16 | (40) | 38 | (88) | 1.0 | ||
Yes | 24 | (60) | 5 | (12) | 11.4 | 3.6-35 |
<.01
|
Results
Characteristics of the interview and the informants in the suicide and accident groups
Cause of death and method of suicide
Characteristics of the suicide victims and controls
Mental health and stressors
Psychiatric symptoms and disorders
Personality
Suicidal behavior
Stressors
Multivariate analyses
Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI |
p
| OR | 95% CI |
p
| |
Mental health problems | 3.9 | 1.3-12.2 |
.02
| .9 | .1-8.6 | .89 |
Suicide interest | 38.0 | 4.8-303.6 |
<.01
| 22.3 | 1.9-264.9 |
.01
|
Loss | 4.2 | 1.6-11.1 |
<.01
| 6.0 | 1.1-31.8 |
.04
|
Stressful conflict | 11.4 | 3.7-35.2 |
<.01
| 10.6 | 1.7-68.2 |
.01
|
Vulnerable | 10.2 | 3.1-33.9 |
<.01
| .4 | .1-2.3 | .31 |
Sub threshold depression | 18.0 | 2.2-146.3 |
<.01
| 49.8 | 1.2-2008.5 |
.04
|
C-Gas | .9 | .9-.98 |
<.01
| 1.0 | .9-1.1 | .59 |
Gender | .5 | .2-1.2 | .11 | .4 | .1-2.6 | .33 |
Age | 1.6 | 1.1-2.1 |
<.01
| 1.5 | .9-2.7 | .13 |
The Strength and Difficulties questionnaire
Suicide group | Accident group | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Community sample | Unadjusted** | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI |
p
| OR | 95% CI |
p
| Mean | SD | OR | 95% CI |
p
| |||||
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
| ||||||||||||
Emotional Sub-score | 1.3 | 1.7 | .62 | .92 | 1.52 | 1.1-2.2 |
.03
| 1.50 | .9-2.4 | .09 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.1 | .9-1.4 | .29 |
Conduct Sub-score | 1.1 | 1.6 | .41 | 1.0 | 1.56 | 1.0-2.4 |
.04
| 1.73 | .9-3.5 | .12 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | .9-1.4 | .42 |
Hyperactivity Sub-score | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.0 | .99 | .8-1.2 | 1.0 | .70 | .5-1.0 | .06 | 2.3 | 1.9 | .91 | .8-1.1 | .29 |
Peer problems Sub-score | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.20 | .9-1.6 | .15 | 1.03 | .7-1.4 | .84 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.1 | .9-1.4 | .06 |
Prosocial Sub-score | 1.1 | 1.3 | .36 | 1.3 | .71 | .5-.9 |
.04
| .88 | .6-1.3 | .48 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.1 | .9-1.5 | .15 |
Total difficulties score | 6.3 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 1.12 | 1.0-1.3 |
.05
| 1.11 | .9-1.2 | .14 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 1.0 | .9-1.1 | .41 |
Impact score*** Yes | (28%) | (9%) | 3.8 | 1.1-13.3 |
.03
| .09 | .1-6.1 | .91 | (21%) | 1.5 | .7-3.2 | .29 |
Suicide group (n = 39) | vs. Accident group (n = 43) | vs. Community controls (n = 410) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDQ Single items |
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
p
|
Mean
|
SD
|
p
| |
SDQ-5 | Often loses temper | .23 | .54 | .00 | .00 | <.01 | .25 | .53 | .82 |
SDQ-6 | Rather Solitary | .54 | .79 | .28 | .55 | .09 | .33 | .56 |
.04
|
SDQ-8 | Many worries | .46 | .64 | .14 | .41 |
.01
| .23 | .49 | <.01 |
SDQ-9 | Helpful if someone is hurt | 1.62 | .54 | 1.86 | .47 |
.03*
| 1.70 | .49 | .31 |
SDQ-13 | Often unhappy or depressed | .49 | .76 | .09 | .37 | <.01 | .15 | .39 |
<.01
|
SDQ-15 | Easily distracted | .31 | .66 | .26 | .58 | .71 | .57 | .68 |
.02*
|
SDQ-19 | Picked on or bullied | .36 | .63 | .16 | .49 | .12 | .16 | .45 |
.01
|
SDQ-22 | Steals | .26 | .55 | .12 | .39 | .18 | .03 | .21 |
<.01
|