Background
Authors and year | Sample | Rating way | Area and main findings |
---|---|---|---|
1. Constantino et al. [2007] [40] | PDD 271, Siblings of PDD 254, non-PDD clinical 52 | Teacher/parent | Teacher/parent correlation: 0.72. Correlations with ADI-R: 0.15–0.43(teacher rating), 0.58–0.39(parent rating). Correlations with ADOS: 0.26–0.40(teacher rating), 0.31–0.36(parent rating). ROC curve of the PDD vs. non-PDD clinical and TD combined: AUC 0.95, T-score cut-off 60 resulted sensitivity 0.75 and specificity 0.96(both a parent and a teacher rating), specificity 84%(parent only), and specificity 90%(teacher only). |
2. Bölte et al. [2008] [17] | TD 838, clinical527 (ASD 160, ADHD 134, other 233) | Parent | Internal consistency: 0.91–0.97. Test–retest reliability: 0.84–0.97. Interrater reliability: 0.76 and 0.95. Correlation with ADOS, ADI-R and SCQ: 0.35–0.58. Discriminant validity: total score discriminates ASD from other clinical conditions. ROC analysis (ASD vs. other clinical): AUC 0.83, total score 85 had sensitivity 0.73 and specificity 0.81 Factorial validity: One-factor solution for normative and clinical subsamples. |
3. Murray MJ. et al. [2011] [37] | 29 suspected ASD | Parent | Agreement between ADI-R: 89.7%, kappa of 0.51. Correlation with CASD: 0.40 Correlation with ADI-R : non-significant |
4. Bölte et al. [2011] [18] | ASD 148, non-ASD clinical 255, TD 77 | Parent | Internal consistency: 0.96 (ASD), 0.94 (non-ASD clinical) and 0.91 (TD). Correlations with the ADI-R, ADOS, SCQ and SCDC were: 0.31–0.45, 0.32–0.35, 0.50, and 0.49. ROC analysis of ASD vs. TD: AUC 0.98, sensitivity 0. 80 and specificity 1.0 (total score 75); sensitivity 0.74 and specificity 1.0 (total score 85). ROC analysis of ASD vs. non-ASD clinical: AUC 0.81, sensitivity 0. 80 and specificity 0.69 (total score 75); sensitivity 0.74 and specificity 0.79 (total score 85). ROC analysis of ASD vs. ADHD: AUC 0.86, sensitivity 0. 80 and specificity 0.78 (total score 75); sensitivity 0.74 and specificity 0.83 (total score 85). |
5. Aldridge FJ. et al. [2012] [22] | 48 suspected ASD | Teacher/parent | Diagnostic Sensitivity: 91% (parent report), 84% (teacher report) Diagnostic specificity: 8% (parent report), 41% (teacher report). |
6. Schanding GT. et al. [2012] [38] | ASD 1663, siblings of ASD 1712 | Teacher/parent | Correlation with SCQ, ADOS, and ADI-R: 0.73, 0.35- 0.38, 0.08 - 0.25 (teacher rating). Correlation with SCQ, ADOS, and ADI-R: 0.59, 0.12 - 0.16, 0.25 - 0.39 (parent rating). ROC analysis: AUC 0.935 (teacher rating) 0.988 (parent rating), total score 60 had sensitivity 0.694 and specificity 0.953 (teacher rating), total score 75 had sensitivity 0.800 and specificity 0.994 (parent rating). |
7. Wigham S.et al. [2012] [16] | 52with and 414 without special needs | Parent | Internal reliability: 0.92 (total scale), 0.47-0.83 (subscales). Correlation with RBQ2 and SDQ: 0.445 and 0.704. Discriminant validity: total score discriminated children with ‘special needs’ and the ‘no special needs’ group. Principal components analysis: a single factor structure |
8. Wang J. et al. [2012] [23] | TD 140, clinical 167 (ASD, ADHD and other). | Parent | Internal consistency of total scale: 0.85 (TD), 0.87 (ASD), 0.92–0.94 (other clinical). Internal consistency of subscale scale: 0.40–0.71 (TD), 0.36–0.83 (ASD), 0.43–0.90 (other clinical). ROC analysis: cut-off 85 showed AUC 0.88, sensitivity0.66, specificity0.89. Suggested optimal cut-off for screening 65 with sensitivity 0.94 and specificity 0.70; Suggested optimal cut-off for clinical classification 87 with sensitivity 0.66 and specificity 0.90. |
9. Fombonne E. et al. [2012] [19] | ASD 200, TD 363 | Teacher/parent | Internal consistency for parent rating: 0.97 (total scale), 0.73–0.93 (subscale). Internal consistency for parent rating: 0.97 (total scale), 0.79–0.93 (subscale). Parent-teacher correlations: 0.49 (total scale):0.22–0.50 (subscale). ROC analysis: AUC 0.962, optimal cut-off was 60 presented sensitivity 92.5% and specificity 92.6% (parent rating). ROC analysis: AUC0.960, optimal cut-off was 59 presented sensitivity 93.6% and specificity 84.3% (teacher rating). ROC analysis: AUC 0.984, optimal cut-off was 61 presented sensitivity 97.9% and specificity 88.1% (average of parent and teacher scores). ROC analysis: AUC0.970, optimal cut-off was 87 presented sensitivity 86.4% and specificity 94.0% (highest value of parent and teacher scores). |
10. Gau F. et al. [2013] [24] | TD 1419, ASD 401 | Parent | Factor analysis: exploratory factor analysis yielded a 4-factor structure which was validated by confirmatory factor analysis with an adequate fit after excluding five items with low correlation coefficients. Test-retest reliability: 0.751–0.852. Internal consistency: 0.944–0.947. Correlations with SCQ: 0.609–0.865. Discriminant validity: ASD significantly higher than TD on total scale and subscales. |
11. Duku E. et al. [2013] [20] | ASD 205 | Parent | Internal consistency: 0.93 (total scale), 0.60–0.85 (subscale). Confirmatory factor analysis: did not fit well and were not unidimensional. Rasch analyses: showed a 30-item subset met criteria of unidimensionality. Correlations between 30-item subset and 65-item total raw score: 0.94. (30-item subset) Correlations with CBCL, RBS-R: 0.65–0.68. |
12. Pearl AM. et al. [2013] [52] | ASD 26; TD24 | Parent | Mother-father reliability: 0.92 (total scale), 0.80–0.93 (subscales). |
13. Cholemkery H. et al. [2014] [39] | High-functioned ASD 55, ODD/CD 55, TD 55 | Parent | ROC analysis of ASD vs. TD: AUC1.0, cut-off 43 showed sensitivity 0.98 and specificity 0.95. ROC analysis of ASD vs. ODD/CD: AUC 0.82, total score 80 showed sensitivity 0.76 and specificity 0.82. Combination with three other parent-rated questionnaires improved validity to differentiate ASD and ODD/CD. Correlations with SCQ, ADI-R, CBCL: 0.55, 0.33 and 0.78. |
Method
Participants
Instruments
Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)
Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC)
Procedures
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographic and Wechsler IQ characteristics of the study groups
TD | ASD | ADHD | MR |
F/χ
2
|
P
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (749) | 411 | 202 | 73 | 63 | ||
Male: n (%) | 209 (50.9)a
| 178 (88.1)b
| 63 (86.3)b
| 42 (66.7)a
| 99.021 | <0.001 |
Age range | 4–14 | 4–14 | 6–12 | 4–12 | ||
Age (years): mean ± SD | 7.43 ± 2.08a
| 6.37 ± 2.35b
| 8.41 ± 1.65c
| 7.66 ± 2.06a
| 20.611 | <0.001 |
VIQ: mean ± SD | - | 83.60 ± 28.05 a
| 98.65 ± 15.77 b
| 59.96 ± 15.09 c
| 52.064 | <0.001 |
PIQ: mean ± SD | - | 84.88 ± 23.83 a
| 92.72 ± 14.56 b
| 64.96 ± 14.15 c
| 37.044 | <0.001 |
FIQ: mean ± SD | - | 82.66 ± 26.65 a
| 95.43 ± 14.57 b
| 58.36 ± 14.79 c
| 53.834 | <0.001 |
SRS total raw score means by gender and age
Mean ± SD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Preschool-aged | School-aged | |
TD | 39.38 ± 16.90 | 36.53 ± 14.40 | 38.32 ± 15.46 | 37.91 ± 15.85 |
ASD | 91.59 ± 22.77 | 94.58 ± 24.17 | 94.11 ± 22.56 | 90.03 ± 23.13 |
ADHD | 64.17 ± 19.94 | 65.60 ± 15.19 | 62.00 ± 14.93 | 64.47 ± 19.52 |
MR | 77.57 ± 19.32 | 75.48 ± 24.60 | 73.62 ± 18.95 | 77.72 ± 21.66 |
Correlations between SRS total raw score and age in various study groups
Test-retest reliability and internal consistency
Test–retest | Cronbach’s alpha | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASD | TD | ||||||
Male | Female | All | Male | Female | All | ||
Social awareness | 0.81 | 0.428 | 0.277 | 0.410 | 0.320 | 0.283 | 0.316 |
Social cognition | 0.87 | 0.698 | 0.620 | 0.689 | 0.603 | 0.556 | 0.580 |
Social communication | 0.93 | 0.816 | 0.819 | 0.816 | 0.804 | 0.726 | 0.774 |
Social motivation | 0.88 | 0.690 | 0.709 | 0.694 | 0.678 | 0.613 | 0.648 |
Autistic mannerisms | 0.94 | 0.787 | 0.803 | 0.788 | 0.779 | 0.711 | 0.750 |
Total scale | 0.96 | 0.917 | 0.922 | 0.917 | 0.906 | 0.871 | 0.892 |
Concurrent validity
SRS | ABC | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sensory | Relating | Body and object use | Language | Social self-help | Total scale | |
Social awareness | 0.370*
| 0.388*
| 0.322*
| 0.401*
| 0.302*
| 0.385*
|
Social cognition | 0.494*
| 0.548*
| 0.491*
| 0.572*
| 0.458*
| 0.576*
|
Social communication | 0.507*
| 0.635*
| 0.398*
| 0.590*
| 0.520*
| 0.589*
|
Social motivation | 0.369*
| 0.625*
| 0.365*
| 0.425*
| 0.457*
| 0.524*
|
Autistic mannerisms | 0.323*
| 0.364*
| 0.491*
| 0.411*
| 0.433*
| 0.449*
|
Total scale | 0.516*
| 0.647*
| 0.509*
| 0.603*
| 0.553*
| 0.634*
|
Discriminant validity
TD | ASD | ADHD | MR |
F
| P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social awareness | 7.03 ± 2.56a
| 11.21 ± 2.92b
| 9.79 ± 2.64c
| 10.27 ± 2.44c
| 125.199 | <0.001 |
Social cognition | 9.23 ± 3.86a
| 17.93 ± 5.20b
| 13.58 ± 4.89c
| 16.73 ± 4.59d
| 196.56 | <0.001 |
Social communication | 11.70 ± 6.08a
| 32.05 ± 8.66b
| 19.88 ± 7.84c
| 25.03 ± 8.74d
| 370.072 | <0.001 |
Social motivation | 5.53 ± 3.29a
| 13.53 ± 4.92b
| 10.15 ± 4.16c
| 12.46 ± 4.44d
| 209.083 | <0.001 |
Autistic mannerisms | 4.49 ± 3.76a
| 17.22 ± 6.02b
| 10.97 ± 4.72c
| 12.38 ± 5.76d
| 341.094 | <0.001 |
Total scale | 37.98 ± 15.77a
| 91.95 ± 22.90b
| 64.37 ± 19.27c
| 76.87 ± 21.05d
| 401.536 | <0.001 |
Factor analysis
ROC
Cut-off | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC | FNR | FPR | PPV | NPV | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASD vs. TD | 56.5 | 0.950 | 0.900 | 0.972* | 0.050 | 0.100 | 0.824 | 0.974 |
ASD vs. ADHD | 77.5 | 0.748 | 0.767 | 0.821* | 0.252 | 0.233 | 0.899 | 0.523 |
ASD vs. MR | 77.5 | 0.748 | 0.603 | 0.692* | 0.252 | 0.397 | 0.858 | 0.427 |
ASD vs. ADHD and MR combined | 77.5 | 0.691 | 0.748 | 0.761* | 0.309 | 0.252 | 0.782 | 0.648 |