Introduction
Method
Patient selection
Spine radiographic parameters
Group classification
Data analysis
Results
T1 slope analysis
Parameters | Total (n = 215) | Low T1S (n = 114) | High T1S (n = 101) | P (Low T1S vs. High T1S) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)
| 65.67 ± 11.28 | 62.89 ± 10.40 | 68.82 ± 11.46 | < 0.001 |
Sex (M/F)
| 71/144 | 33/81 | 38/63 | 0.178 |
T1S (°)
| 26.26 ± 7.87 | 20.55 ± 3.41 | 30.34 ± 4.30 | < 0.001 |
PI (°)
| 49.65 ± 9.21 | 49.93 ± 9.09 | 49.34 ± 9.38 | 0.640 |
PT (°)
| 18.34 ± 9.11 | 17.86 ± 8.64 | 18.89 ± 9.63 | 0.412 |
SS (°)
| 31.31 ± 9.35 | 32.07 ± 8.94 | 30.45 ± 9.77 | 0.207 |
LL (°)
| 28.23 ± 16.38 | 26.35 ± 15.04 | 30.36 ± 17.60 | 0.073 |
TLK (°)
| -11.70 ± 11.64 | -9.93 ± 11.52 | -13.70 ± 11.51 | 0.017 |
TK (°)
| -34.66 ± 12.89 | -30.18 ± 10.74 | -39.71 ± 13.29 | < 0.001 |
CL (°)
| 17.19 ± 12.82 | 12.86 ± 11.22 | 22.08 ± 12.79 | < 0.001 |
SVA (mm)
| 28.79 ± 43.89 | 13.34 ± 37.35 | 46.23 ± 44.36 | < 0.001 |
Parameters | Pearson coefficients | P value |
---|---|---|
Age
| 0.261 | < 0.001 |
PI
| 0.010 | 0.885 |
PT
| 0.088 | 0.196 |
SS
| -0.076 | 0.264 |
LL
| 0.039 | 0.566 |
TLK
| -0.145 | 0.034 |
TK
| -0.420 | < 0.001 |
CL
| 0.487 | < 0.001 |
SVA
| 0.394 | < 0.001 |
parameters | Coefficient of regression | Standard error | Wald x2 | P value | OR | 95%CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TK
| -0.088 | 0.017 | 26.897 | < 0.001 | 0.915 | 0.885–0.947 |
SVA
| 0.236 | 0.049 | 23.199 | < 0.001 | 1.267 | 1.150–1.394 |
CL
| 0.037 | 0.016 | 5.449 | 0.020 | 1.038 | 1.006–1.071 |
Group classification
Comparison among four groups
Parameters | Balance (n = 71) | Compensatory balance (n = 79) | Thoracic compensation (n = 22) | Thoracic decompensation (n = 23) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)
| 63.06 ± 10.57* | 62.82 ± 11.57!@ | 68.09 ± 9.23! | 74.91 ± 7.94*@ | < 0.001 |
Sex (M/F)
| 24/47 | 23/56 | 8/14 | 10/13 | 0.618 |
T1S (°)
| 24.23 ± 5.38* | 23.29 ± 5.61!@ | 26.34 ± 7.06! | 29.50 ± 6.25*@ | < 0.001 |
PI (°)
| 47.25 ± 8.29 | 51.74 ± 8.60 | 49.78 ± 10.12 | 48.74 ± 9.32 | 0.062 |
PT (°)
| 11.91 ± 5.35*!@ | 20.97 ± 7.21* | 23.56 ± 11.13! | 20.57 ± 10.66@ | < 0001 |
SS (°)
| 34.34 ± 8.92*!@ | 30.77 ± 26.22*# | 26.22 ± 10.42!# | 28.17 ± 9.81@ | 0.001 |
LL (°)
| 44.08 ± 9.03*!@ | 32.43 ± 10.79*# | 21.75 ± 12.40!#$ | 31.28 ± 12.89@$ | < 0001 |
TLK (°)
| -11.62 ± 12.08 | -11.03 ± 10.68 | -11.73 ± 11.75 | -18.01 ± 13.62 | 0.086 |
TK (°)
| -37.86 ± 10.18* | -33.50 ± 12.55! | -23.29 ± 11.90*!# | -37.70 ± 15.25# | < 0001 |
CL (°)
| 15.42 ± 12.64* | 13.27 ± 10.25!@ | 19.70 ± 12.60! | 23.27 ± 10.74*@ | 0.001 |
SVA (cm)
| -0.06 ± 2.35*!@ | 1.07 ± 2.59*# | 8.23 ± 2.86!# | 8.05 ± 2.24@ | < 0.001 |
Comparison between thoracic compensation and balance groups
Parameters | Balance (n = 20) | Thoracic compensation (n = 20) | P |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years)
| 68.30 ± 10.18 | 67.85 ± 9.55 | 0.886 |
Sex (M/F)
| 8/12 | 8/12 | 1 |
T1S (°)
| 24.41 ± 3.84 | 27.31 ± 6.63 | 0.099 |
PI (°)
| 47.79 ± 8.61 | 48.41 ± 9.53 | 0.830 |
PT (°)
| 10.77 ± 6.55 | 21.51 ± 9.38 | < 0.001 |
SS (°)
| 37.02 ± 9.67 | 26.91 ± 10.66 | 0.003 |
LL (°)
| 50.07 ± 7.29 | 22.94 ± 12.29 | < 0.001 |
TLK (°)
| -16.10 ± 11.28 | -11.98 ± 12.32 | 0.276 |
TK (°)
| -40.66 ± 8.04 | -23.86 ± 12.26 | < 0.001 |
CL (°)
| 17.07 ± 11.52 | 20.48 ± 12.98 | 0.385 |
SVA (cm)
| -0.18 ± 2.43 | 7.94 ± 2.71 | < 0.001 |
Comparison between the thoracic decompensation and balance groups
Parameters | Balance (n = 14) | Thoracic decompensation (n = 14) | P |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years)
| 72.29 ± 5.59 | 72.71 ± 8.20 | 0.873 |
Sex (M/F)
| 7/7 | 5/9 | 0.541 |
T1S (°)
| 24.10 ± 5.53 | 29.04 ± 5.29 | 0.023 |
PI (°)
| 46.56 ± 8.72 | 46.00 ± 8.81 | 0.866 |
PT (°)
| 12.18 ± 5.21 | 17.34 ± 8.45 | 0.062 |
SS (°)
| 34.39 ± 7.26 | 28.66 ± 8.68 | 0.069 |
LL (°)
| 46.44 ± 7.10 | 31.41 ± 13.00 | 0.001 |
TLK (°)
| -16.89 ± 13.96 | -20.74 ± 14.18 | 0.475 |
TK (°)
| -43.41 ± 9.26 | -40.00 ± 16.94 | 0.515 |
CL (°)
| 15.59 ± 9.35 | 24.38 ± 12.69 | 0.047 |
SVA (cm)
| 0.71 ± 2.64 | 7.38 ± 1.94 | < 0.001 |