MMP-1 serum levels predict coronary atherosclerosis in humans

Myocardial infarction is an acute pathological event which is caused by the rupture of a chronically formed atherosclerotic lesion. The process of atherosclerosis is initiated by the entrapment of modified LDL particles in the subendothelial space of the vessel wall, which causes the infiltration of immune cells, especially macrophages and subsequent foam cell formation. Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and the deposition of extracellular matrix components result in the progression to more advanced lesions, stigmatized by a fibrous cap overlaying a lipid enriched atherosclerotic core [1]. Plaque rupture mostly occurs in the plaques' shoulder region, which is exposed to high tangential shear stress. The biochemical strength of the fibrous cap thereby depends on its extracellular matrix composition with fibrillar collagen, especially type I and III, providing structural stability by cross linkage [2].

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and CT angiography do now allow the in-vivo detection of outward directed non-stenosing lesions in addition to the characterisation of plaque morphology. Lipid enriched, non-calcified lesions are primarily detected in the coronary system of patients presenting with unstable angina, suggesting a high rupture susceptibility of these plaques, while fibrous and calcified lesions dominate in patients presenting with stable angina [3‐6]. This concept is supported by autopsy studies demonstrating impaired structural stability of soft, lipid enriched plaques in comparison to calcified lesions [7]. Consequently, non-calcified lesions were prospectively associated with higher coronary event rates [8, 9].

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes which have been implicated in plaque destabilisation [10]. MMPs are expressed by macrophages, VSMC and endothelial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. MMP-1 and MMP-9 are primarily detected in the vulnerable shoulder region and areas of foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic plaques [10, 11] where they colocalize with degraded collagen fragments [11]. While MMP-1 cleaves intact fibrillar interstitial collagen, especially type I and III, MMP-9 has prominent activity against basement membrane components including type IV collagen, laminin and elastin [12]. Consistently, polymorphisms of the MMP-1 and -9 genes were linked to complicated coronary lesions and atherosclerosis in epidemiological studies [13, 14].

We therefore hypothesized MMP-1 and MMP-9 serum levels to predict the presence of non-calcified, lipid enriched plaques as determined by CT angiography in a cohort of 260 patients with typical or atypical chest pain.

In this study we report a positive association of MMP-1 serum levels with total plaque burden in a population of 260 patients who underwent CT-angiography for exclusion of coronary artery disease.

We thereby found MMP-1 serum levels to associate with calcified lesions and non-calcified lesions after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, classical cardiovascular risk factors, hsCRP, adiponectin, pericardial fat volume and medication. MMP-1 serum levels were further associated with mixed lesions in reduced statistical models, which was however lost after adjustment for all covariables.

Clinical risk management of cardiovascular disease would greatly benefit from event stratifying biomarkers. The rupture prone atherosclerotic plaque is histologically defined by a thin fibrous cap overlaying a lipid enriched atheromatous core [1]. Non-calcified, lipid enriched plaques have primarily been found in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and unstable angina, while mixed or calcified lesions dominated in patients with stable angina [3‐6]. Consequently, non-calcified plaques were prospectively associated with increased coronary event rates [8, 9], and short term tendency for plaque volume progression [17]. Non-calcified plaques have therefore been considered to be more prone to rupture than calcified lesions. Consistently, we did find MMP-1 serum levels to be positively associated with non calcified lesions, however, similar associations were found with calcified- and to a lesser extent with mixed lesions, resulting in a positive association of MMP-1 serum levels with total plaque burden without discriminative power for a specific plaque morphology.

Evidence for plaque destabilising characteristics of MMP-1 has been created by its accumulation in the vulnerable shoulder region of thin capped, lipid enriched plaques and its co-localization with degraded collagen fragments [10, 11]. In addition, increased serum levels of MMP-1 have been found in patients with coronary artery disease in some [18, 19], but not all studies [20], with highest levels being present in patients with unstable angina [21]. The positive association of MMP-1 serum levels with total plaque burden as reported in our study therefore supports the concept of MMP-1 being significantly released from atherosclerotic plaques. The missing discriminative power of MMP-1 serum levels for a specific plaque morphology however suggests MMP-1 to be similarly present within all plaques, independent of their morphology, questioning its relevance as a major plaque destabilizing factor. Alternatively, non-calcified lesions as determined by CT-angiography might not sufficiently identify the rupture prone vulnerable lesion. CT-angiography has been reported to provide a diagnostic sensitivity of 82 to 84% and specificity of 88 to 91% in comparison to IVUS as the gold standard [22, 23]. Highest diagnostic accuracy was found for calcified lesions (sensitivity 94% to 95%; specificity 92% to 94%), while non-calcified lesions were detected with a diagnostic sensitivity of 78% by our group in a previous study and 53% by Achenbach et al. [22, 23]. In addition, CT-angiography has limited capacities to further subdivide non-calcified lesions in fibrous and lipid enriched plaques. CT-angiography therefore provides an advanced non-invasive diagnostic tool for the detection of coronary plaques, which however still holds modest limitations in the detection of non-calcified lesions. We can not rule out that this might have affected the presented results.

MMP-1 and MMP-9 are primarily expressed by macrophages and smooth muscle cells in response to a variety of proatherogenic stimuli including sheer stress, oxidized LDL and inflammatory cytokines [10]. Consistently, circulating MMP-1 levels have been associated with atherosclerotic plaque inflammation as detected by 18F-FDG-PET/CT [18]. In agreement with their proinflammatory regulation we found both MMPs to correlate positively with the inflammatory marker hsCRP. Our study therefore supports the concept of an inflammatory microenvironement characterising the atherosclerotic plaque which potentially could reflect plaque macrophage content. In contrast to other studies we could not ascribe highest inflammatory activity to non-calcified lesions [24, 25]. Future studies are needed to characterise plaque morphology dependent inflammation in-vivo, preferentially by combining CT-Angiography with 18F-FDG-PET.

Surprisingly, we did not find associations between MMP-9 serum levels and total plaque burden or plaque morphology. This agrees with some reports [26, 27] but contrasts to others, which found incremental MMP-9 serum levels in patients with coronary artery disease [28, 29]. The reason for this discrepancy is not clear but might be related to different patient populations and a differential assessment of atherosclerosis. CT angiography as used in our study allows the assessment of non-stenosing, outward directed lesions of the vessel wall and is not limited to the detection of stenosing lesions as assessed by coronary angiography [30].

Interestingly and consistent with others we found positive association between MMP-9 serum levels and BMI [31, 32], in addition to pericardial fat volume and serum triglyceride concentrations, suggesting adipose tissue to be a significant determinant of circulating MMP-9 levels.

Our study has several limitations. Detection of coronary plaques quantity and morphology by CT-angiography does not provide the diagnostic accuracy of IVUS as the gold standard. The presented results are associative and can not prove causal relationship between MMP-1 serum levels and atherosclerotic plaque quantity or morphology. In addition, the cross sectional study design did not allow an evaluation of clinical relevance with respect to future cardiac event rates. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings in larger patient cohorts possibly by applying a prospective study design.

In conclusion we found MMP-1 serum levels to be an independent predictor for coronary atherosclerotic lesions, while not allowing a stratification of plaque morphology.