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Erschienen in: Der Urologe 1/2013

01.01.2013 | Leitthema

Primärer vesikoureteraler Reflux

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. R. Stein, C. Ziesel, P. Rubenwolf, R. Beetz

Erschienen in: Die Urologie | Ausgabe 1/2013

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Zusammenfassung

Die derzeitige Diskussion zum vesikoureteralen Reflux (VUR) bewegt sich zwischen diagnostischem Nihilismus und invasiver Therapie und erinnert an den Disput um das Prostatakarzinom im Erwachsenenalter. Gemeinsames Ziel aller derzeit konkurrierenden diagnostischen Strategien und Therapieansätze ist es, pyelonephritische Nierenschädigungen mit dem wirksamsten und gleichzeitig am wenigsten belastenden Konzept zu verhindern.
Der VUR kann konventionell radiologisch, sonographisch, nuklearmedizinisch oder auch mittels Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) verifiziert werden. In den Leitlinien der „European Association of Urology“/“European Society for Paediatric Urology“ (EAU/ESPU) wird die Refluxprüfung nach der ersten fieberhaften Harnweginfektion (HWI) im Säuglings- und Kleinkindesalter gefordert. Rezidivierende HWI und Parenchymnarben stellen wesentliche Risikofaktoren bei Patienten mit einem VUR dar. Diese Patienten sollten einer patienten- und risikoadaptierten Therapie zugeführt werden. Säuglinge mit einem dilatierenden Reflux haben ein höheres Risiko für Nierenschädigungen als diejenigen ohne eine Nierenbeckendilatation. Blasenfunktionsstörungen bzw. die Entleerungsstörungen (Blase und Darm) stellen in Kombination mit einem Reflux einen altbekannten jedoch früher sehr vernachlässigten Risikofaktor dar. Bei Patienten mit Blasenfunktionsstörungen sollten diese vor jedweder Intervention abgeklärt und – wenn möglich – behandelt werden.
Aktuelle Behandlungsstrategien berücksichtigen neben Alter und Geschlecht, das Vorhandensein dysplastischer oder pyelonephritischer Nierenparenchymdefekte, die klinische Symptomatik, Blasenfunktionsstörungen und die Häufigkeit bzw. Schwere rezidivierender HWI als Kriterien für die Therapieentscheidung. Die endoskopische Therapie kann für Patienten mit niedriggradigem VUR eine Alternative zur antibakteriellen Prophylaxe oder zu einer rein abwartenden Haltung sein. Bei Patienten mit einem dilatierenden VUR kann eine endoskopische Therapie angeboten werden, wenn eine antibakterielle Prophylaxe nicht infrage kommt. Allerdings sollten die Eltern zuvor über die deutlich schlechtere Erfolgsquote gegenüber offen operativen Verfahren aufgeklärt werden. Die offen operativen Techniken sind bei weitem nicht in jedem Fall durch die subureterale Implantation von „bulking agents“ ersetzbar. Sie garantieren die höchsten operativen Erfolgsraten und sollten nach wie vor bei Patienten mit einem dilatierenden VUR und hohem renalem Schädigungsrisiko zum Einsatz kommen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Primärer vesikoureteraler Reflux
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. R. Stein
C. Ziesel
P. Rubenwolf
R. Beetz
Publikationsdatum
01.01.2013
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Urologie / Ausgabe 1/2013
Print ISSN: 2731-7064
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7072
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-012-3079-z

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