Introduction
Materials and methods
Literature review protocol
Eligibility and study selection
Definition of structured reporting (SR)
Results
Level of evidence | Control | Intervention | Subspecialty/field | Indication | Modality | Outcome(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Structured layout (SR level 1) — one template | ||||||||
Dimarco et al. (2020) [14] | B | Free text | Structured itemized template with four parts and several key items | Abdomen | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | CT | Significant reduction of missing morphological and vascular features Improvement inter-reader agreement | |
Gupta et al. (2020) [15] | B | Free text | Added 14 essential parameters | Abdomen | Rectal cancer staging | MRI | Significant report quality improvement Referring provider satisfaction improved | |
McFarland (2020) [16] | B | Free text | Free-form structured itemized templates | Abdomen | Various | CT | Less reporting errors potentially reducing The report word length did not differ | |
Olthof et al. (2020)[17] | B | Free text | Additional template with key items for critical findings | Neurology | CNS metastasis | MRI | Automated insertion of context-dependent data and required elements is feasible Guideline adherence concerning critical findings improved | |
Alessandrino et al. (2019)[18] | B | Free text | Adding key features concerning inherited neuromuscular disorders | Musculoskeletal radiology | Lower limb inherited neuromuscular disorder | MRI | More clinically relevant disease management information | |
Benson et al. (2019) [19] | B | Free text | Structured template with three options to score CNS metastasis after RT | Neurology | CNS metastasis | MRI | Decreasing non-specific description Improving discrete characterization Usage of non-specific language usage did not differ | |
Gore et al. (2019)[20] | B | Free text | Template with headings according to BT-RADS | Neurology | Brain tumor (BT-RADS) | MRI | Perception improvement among radiologists and referring providers | |
Liu et al. (2019) [21] | B | Free text | Structured itemized template with key features and standardized entries | Abdomen | Endometrial cancer | MRI | Increasing radiologists’ work efficiency and gynecologists’ satisfaction | |
Wetterauer et al. (2019) [22] | B | Free text | Structured reports with PI-RADS key features | Abdomen | Prostate cancer (PI-RADS) | MRI | Urologists’ surgical planning was facilitated by better assessing exact tumor location Improved satisfaction referring physician | |
Bink et al. (2018)[23] | B | Free text | Itemized template (17 tumor items) | Neurology | Brain tumor staging | MRI | Template ensured reliable detection of all relevant predefined items and reproducible documentation | |
Griffin et al. (2018) [24] | B | Free text | Itemized template with TI-RADS and/or management integration | Head and Neck | Thyroid nodules (TI-RADS) | Ultrasound | Better feature description ACR TIRADS usage substantially improved management recommendations | |
Magnetta et al. (2018)[25] | B | Free text | Itemized template using PI-RADS | Abdomen | Prostate (PI-RADS) | MRI | Improved communication and clinical report impact with referring urologists | |
Olthof et al. (2018) [26] | B | Free text | Itemized RECIST template | Various | RECIST | CT | Combination of optimized workflow, subspecialization and SR led to significantly better report quality | |
Poullos et al. (2018) [27] | B | Free text | Itemized template | Abdomen | Hepatocellular carcinoma | CT | Assessment of transplant suitability improved using Milan criteria | |
Tersteeg et al. (2018)[28] | B | Free text | Itemized template with incorporated guidelines and key features | Abdomen | Rectal cancer staging | MRI | More complete report | |
Flusberg et al. (2017)[29] | B | Free text | Itemized template incorporating including LI-RADS | Abdomen | Hepatocellular carcinoma (LI-RADS) | MRI/CT | More comprehensive and consistent reporting | |
Franconeri et al. (2017)[30] | B | Free text | Disease-specific itemized template | Abdomen | Uterine fibroid | MRI | Fewer key features were missed More helpful for treatment planning and understanding | |
Pysarenko et al. (2017)[31] | B | Free text | Template with 8 itemized key-elements | Abdomen | Various | Ultrasound | Improved reimbursement | |
Wildman-Tobriner et al. (2017) [32] | B | Free text | Itemized template | Abdomen | IBD | CT | Key feature reporting improved Minimal impact on accuracy SR reports were preferred by referring physicians | |
Wildman-Tobriner et al. (2017)[33] | B | Free text | Itemized template with 15 key elements | Abdomen | Pediatric Crohn’s disease | MRI | Significantly increasing on key features mentioning Referring clinicians subjectively preferred SR | |
Dickerson et al. (2016)[34] | B | Free text | Itemized template with 12 key features | Brain | MS | MRI | Increased rate relevant findings Standardized reports are preferred by neurologists | |
Brook et al. (2015) [35] | B | Free text | Itemized template with 12 key features | Abdomen | Pancreatic cancer | CT | Superior evaluation Facilitated surgical planning Increased surgeons confidence concerning tumor resectability | |
Sahni et al. (2015) [36] | B | Free text | Template with 14 itemized quality measures | Abdomen | Rectal cancer staging | MRI | Report quality improved, 30% of reports remained unsatisfactory | |
Silveira et al. (2015)[37] | B | Free text | Itemized template and computer-aided diagnosis | Abdomen | Prostate | MRI | Improving report quality Improving contrast enhancement kinetic curve | |
Lin et al. (2014)[38] | B | Free text | Itemized checklist-based template | Neurology/trauma | Cervical spine | CT | Significant decrease in missed non-fracture findings No change in missed fractures | |
Marcovici et al. (2014)[39] | B | Free text | Prepopulated itemized checklist template | Thorax | Various | X-ray | Templates are more complete and more effective | |
Powell et al. (2014) [40] | B | Free text | Itemized checklist-based template | Neurology/trauma | Maxillofacial | CT | No improvement on report accuracy of radiology residents Focused training, checklist flexibility, and an adjustment period are important Only mandatory checklists were readily adopted by residents | |
Fraser et al. (2013) [41] | B | Free text | Itemized template with different options (paper) | Head and Neck | Cervical lymphadenopathy | Ultrasound | Increased report streamline | |
Structured layout (SR level 1) — multiple templates | ||||||||
Chung et al. (2020)[42] | B | Free text | Seven different cross-divisional standardized structured reports | Thorax | Various | X-ray | Improvement of economic gains and projected radiologist time | |
Hanna et al. (2016) [43] | B | Free text | Seven different itemized templates (4 CTs, 2 X-rays, 1 ultrasound) | Emergency | Various | Various | Decrease of dictation time Decrease of total word length in some cases Mixed impact on total reporting time | |
Hawkins et al. (2014)[44] | B | Free text | 228 different prepopulated templates which may consist a pick list, fill-in-field and/or prose dictation | Various | Various | Various | Carefully constructed structured reports can help reducing errors | |
Larson et al. (2013)[45] | B | Free text | 228 different prepopulated templates which may consist a pick list, fill-in-field and/or prose dictation | Various | Various | Various | High implementation adaptation rate | |
Hawkins et al. (2012)[46] | B | Free text | Different prepopulated templates | Various | Various | Various | Prepopulated reports alone do not affect error rate or dictation time of radiology reports | |
Schwartz et al. (2011) [47] | B | Free text | Different itemized templates | Various | Various | CT | Better content and greater clarity for radiologists and referring clinicians | |
Liu et al. (2003) [48] | B | Free text | Different menu-based templates | Various | Various | Various | Faster report turn-around time Less transcription errors and lower transcription costs | |
Structured layout (SR level 1) — hypothetical research | ||||||||
Dabrowiecki et al. (2020) [49] | B | Free text | One negative chest X-ray report compared with one out of four templates | Thorax | Chest | X-ray | Template use resulted in better comprehension by the public Unnecessary follow-up was less likely | |
Camilo et al. (2019) [50] | B | Free text | Four different templates (one free text, two ultrasound and one CT report) | Abdomen | Various | Ultrasound CT | Structured report with final conclusion/comment is preferred by attending and requesting physicians | |
Heye et al. (2018) [51] | B | Free text | Three different layouts (structured itemized text, tables, images) | Thorax | Chest | CT | The costumer favors structured reporting | |
Lather et al. (2017) [52] | B | Free text | Structured itemized template | Thorax | Chest | CT | SR is superior | |
Travis et al. (2014) [53] | B | Free text | Three different layouts with measurement section | Thorax/abdomen | Various oncological | CT | A separate lesion measurement section is preferred over random mentioning | |
Krupinski et al. (2011) [54] | B | Free text | Itemized and hierarchical template | Abdomen | Renal abnormalities | CT | A “one-size-fits-all” radiology report format does not exist | |
Grieve et al. (2008) [55] | B | Free text | Four different templates | Abdomen | Negative examination | Ultrasound | Detailed reports and a radiologists’ opinion is preferred by general practitioners | |
Sistrom et al. (2005) [56] | B | Free text | Itemized structured templates | Abdomen | Renal calcifications | CT | Equally efficient and accurate for transmitting content | |
Naik et al. (2001) [57] | B | Free text | Three itemized with difference in completeness | Abdomen | Various | Ultrasound | Improved facilitation of complete documentation Itemized reports are preferred by radiologists and referring clinicians | |
Structured content (SR level 2) | ||||||||
Johnson et al. (2010) [58]a | A | Free text | Point-and-click system used to build a sentence in the structured report | Neurology | Possible stroke | MRI | No improvement in report clarity by attending physicians | |
Johnson et al. (2009) [59]a | A | Free text | Point-and-click system used to build a sentence in the structured report | Neurology | Possible stroke | MRI | Report accuracy and completeness did not improve | |
Aase et al. (2020) [60] | B | Free text | Template checklist with six pick list options concerning incidental pulmonary nodule description | Thorax | Pulmonary nodule | CT | Increased documentation compliance Better follow-up process Low utilization rates | |
Alper et al. (2020) [61] | B | Free text | Template with pick list options with preferred terms for abdominal organs normal finding mentioning | Abdomen | Various | CT/MRI | Better use of preferred/acceptable phrases Decreased use of equivocal terms | |
Kim et al. (2020) [62] | B | Free text | Template-based structured reports with point-and-click menus including standard elements used in a densitometry report | Nuclear radiology | Osteoporosis | DXA | Shorter reporting times Increased report quality | |
Tuncyurek et al. (2019) [63] | B | Free text | Template with pick list options to describe 12 key features of pelvic MRI for perianal fistulizing disease | Abdomen | Perianal fistulizing disease | MRI | Fewer key features were missed More complete, clear and helpful for treatment planning | |
Armbruster et al. (2018) [64] | B | Free text | Clickable decision trees that function as a checklist and to use for building automatically semantic sentences | Head and neck | Petrous bone | MRI | Increases completeness and quality Satisfaction of referring physicians improved | |
Sabel et al. (2018) [65] | B | Free text | Clickable decision trees on several items with several subitems concerning vascular status | Vascular | Lower extremities | CTA | Superior clarity, completeness, clinical relevance, and usefulness rated by referring clinicians | |
Schoeppe et al. (2018) [66] | B | Free text | Clickable decision trees in which outcomes were used to create semantic sentences and were displayed in the report | Abdomen | Swallowing disorders | Swallowing studies | Increases detailed information and facilitation of information extraction Better assisting clinical decision-making | |
Schöppe et al. (2018) [67] | B | Free text | Clickable decision trees for specific items concerning (degenerative) osteoarthritis of the glenohumoral joint used to create semantic sentences used in the report | Musculoskeletal radiology | Shoulder | X-ray | May be a useful tool in clinical decision-making | |
Shaish et al. (2018) [68] | B | Layout template | Drop-down menus which were used as template to describe individual lesion characteristics concerning PI-RADS | Abdomen | Prostate | MRI | PI-RADS adherence improved May increase diagnostic performance | |
Gassenmaier et al. (2017) [69] | B | Free text | Template with findings and impression section with clickable decision trees with several levels | Musculoskeletal radiology | Shoulder | MRI | Improved readability Improved linguistic quality | |
Norenberg et al. (2017) [70] | B | Free text | Clickable decision trees used to describe 13 key features | Abdomen | Rectal cancer | MRI | Facilitates surgical planning Higher satisfaction level of referring surgeons about report correctness and clinical decision making | |
Sabel et al. (2017) [71] | B | Free text | Clickable decision trees containing observations with standardized subheadings in a consistent order | Thorax | Pulmonary embolism | CTA | Superior in clarity, better content and clinical utility | |
Walter et al. (2015) [72] | B | Free text | Pick list about coronary calcifications added to a structured report with normal and abnormal default standard terminology which auto-populates the report | Cardio | Coronary calcifications | CT | Improved accuracy of coronary calcification mentions | |
Schweitzer et al. (2014) [73] | B | Free text | Template with 108 obligated items with drop-down menus and free text option. The report contains highlighted parts when stated as abnormal | Forensics | Whole body | CT | Can act as guideline | |
Karim et al. (2013) [74] | B | Free text | Different IT-based options were used and included standardized point-and-click menus, including anatomy, measures and additional diagnostic findings listed by organ and dedicated pathology in three different sections with a free text option for personal judgment | Vascular | Abdominal aortic aneurysm | CTA | Decrease in average reporting time Ease of use may lead to more accurate decision support | |
Barbosa et al. (2010) [75] | B | Free text | Pick list reporting system on 8 descriptive items necessary for thyroid nodule characterization | Head and neck | Thyroid | Ultrasound | Information transmission improved for radiologists and referring clinicians | |
Hasegawa et al. (2010) [76] | B | Free text | Pick list items and particular modifiers for different categories can be entered in templates that link those together | Thorax | Chest | X-ray | Report production time decreased |