Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Die Ophthalmologie 12/2009

01.12.2009 | Leitthema

Akute retinale Nekrose aus Virologensicht

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. P. Rautenberg, L. Grančičova, J. Hillenkamp, B. Nölle, J.B. Roider, H. Fickenscher

Erschienen in: Die Ophthalmologie | Ausgabe 12/2009

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Für die akute retinale Nekrose, die bei etwa einer pro Million Personen pro Jahr auftritt, ist in etwa 70% der Fälle Varicella-zoster-Virus bzw. in annähernd 30% der Fälle Herpes-simplex-Virus verantwortlich. Die frühe Diagnosestellung basiert v. a. auf der virusspezifischen Polymerasekettenreaktion aus Vorderkammer- oder Glaskörperpunktat und kann durch die Bestimmung spezifischer Antikörpertiter aus Punktatflüssigkeit und Serum ergänzt werden. Der Virusnachweis liefert die Grundlage für die frühzeitige kausale Therapie, wodurch die Krankheitsprogression und das Komplikationsrisiko begrenzt werden. Zur Therapie retinaler Infektionen durch Varicella-zoster-Virus oder Herpes-simplex-Virus werden Aciclovir, Ganciclovir oder Famciclovir eingesetzt. Dagegen sind zur Therapie retinaler Zytomegalovirus-Infektionen Ganciclovir und Valganciclovir indiziert. Bei Resistenzentwicklung stehen Foscarnet oder Cidofovir als antivirale Reservemedikamente zur Verfügung. Der frühzeitige Einsatz spezifischer antiviraler Wirkstoffe ist die wesentliche Voraussetzung einer optimierten Therapie der akuten retinalen Nekrose.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Urayama A, Yamada N, Sasaki T (1971) Unilateral acute uveitis with periarteritis and detachment. Jpn J Clin Ophthalmol 25:607–619 Urayama A, Yamada N, Sasaki T (1971) Unilateral acute uveitis with periarteritis and detachment. Jpn J Clin Ophthalmol 25:607–619
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Holland GN, the Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society (1994) Standard diagnostic criteria for the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 117:663–667PubMed Holland GN, the Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society (1994) Standard diagnostic criteria for the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 117:663–667PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Muthiah MN, Michaelides M, Child CS, Mitchell SM (2007) Acute retinal necrosis: a national population-based study to assess the incidence, methods of diagnosis, treatment strategies and outcomes in the UK. Br J Ophthalmol 91:1452–1455CrossRefPubMed Muthiah MN, Michaelides M, Child CS, Mitchell SM (2007) Acute retinal necrosis: a national population-based study to assess the incidence, methods of diagnosis, treatment strategies and outcomes in the UK. Br J Ophthalmol 91:1452–1455CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Vandercam T, Hintzen RQ, de Boer JH, van der Lelij A (2008) Herpetic encephalitis is a risk factor for acute retinal necrosis. Neurology 71:1268–1274CrossRefPubMed Vandercam T, Hintzen RQ, de Boer JH, van der Lelij A (2008) Herpetic encephalitis is a risk factor for acute retinal necrosis. Neurology 71:1268–1274CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Culbertson WW, Atherton SS (1993) Acute retinal necrosis and similar retinitis syndromes. Int Ophthalmol Clin 33:129–143CrossRefPubMed Culbertson WW, Atherton SS (1993) Acute retinal necrosis and similar retinitis syndromes. Int Ophthalmol Clin 33:129–143CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Tajunisah I, Reddy SC, Tan LH (2009) Acute retinal necrosis by cytomegalovirus in an immunocompetent adult: case report and review of the literature. Int Ophthalmol 29:85–90CrossRefPubMed Tajunisah I, Reddy SC, Tan LH (2009) Acute retinal necrosis by cytomegalovirus in an immunocompetent adult: case report and review of the literature. Int Ophthalmol 29:85–90CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Silverstein BE, Conrad D, Margolis TP, Wong IG (1997) Cytomegalovirus-associated acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 123:257–258PubMed Silverstein BE, Conrad D, Margolis TP, Wong IG (1997) Cytomegalovirus-associated acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 123:257–258PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Voros GM, Pandit R, Snow M, Griffiths PG (2006) Unilateral recurrent acute retinal necrosis syndrome caused by cytomegalovirus in an immune-competent adult. Eur J Ophthalmol 16:484–486PubMed Voros GM, Pandit R, Snow M, Griffiths PG (2006) Unilateral recurrent acute retinal necrosis syndrome caused by cytomegalovirus in an immune-competent adult. Eur J Ophthalmol 16:484–486PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Abe T, Tsuchida K, Tamai K (1996) A comparative study of the polymerase chain reaction and local antibody production in acute retinal necrosis syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 234:419–424CrossRefPubMed Abe T, Tsuchida K, Tamai K (1996) A comparative study of the polymerase chain reaction and local antibody production in acute retinal necrosis syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 234:419–424CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hillenkamp J, Nölle B, Bruns C et al (2009) Acute retinal necrosis: clinical features, early vitrectomy, and outcomes. Ophthalmology 116:1971–1975CrossRefPubMed Hillenkamp J, Nölle B, Bruns C et al (2009) Acute retinal necrosis: clinical features, early vitrectomy, and outcomes. Ophthalmology 116:1971–1975CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Itoh N, Matsumura N, Ogi A et al (2000) High prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in acute retinal necrosis syndrome associated with herpes simplex virus in Japan. Am J Ophthalmol 129:404–405CrossRefPubMed Itoh N, Matsumura N, Ogi A et al (2000) High prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in acute retinal necrosis syndrome associated with herpes simplex virus in Japan. Am J Ophthalmol 129:404–405CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lau CH, Missotten T, Salzmann J, Lightman SL (2007) Acute retinal necrosis: features, management, and outcomes. Ophthalmology 114:756–762CrossRefPubMed Lau CH, Missotten T, Salzmann J, Lightman SL (2007) Acute retinal necrosis: features, management, and outcomes. Ophthalmology 114:756–762CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Ongkosuwito JV, Van der Lelij A, Bruinenberg M et al (1998) Increased presence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in ocular fluid samples from HIV negative immunocompromised patients with uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 82:245–251CrossRefPubMed Ongkosuwito JV, Van der Lelij A, Bruinenberg M et al (1998) Increased presence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in ocular fluid samples from HIV negative immunocompromised patients with uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 82:245–251CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Sugita S, Shimizu N, Watanabe K et al (2008) Use of multiplex PCR and real-time PCR to detect human herpes virus genome in ocular fluids of patients with uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 93:928–932CrossRef Sugita S, Shimizu N, Watanabe K et al (2008) Use of multiplex PCR and real-time PCR to detect human herpes virus genome in ocular fluids of patients with uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 93:928–932CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Tran TH, Rozenberg F, Cassoux N et al (2003) Polymerase chain reaction analysis of aqueous humour samples in necrotising retinitis. Br J Ophthalmol 87:79–83CrossRefPubMed Tran TH, Rozenberg F, Cassoux N et al (2003) Polymerase chain reaction analysis of aqueous humour samples in necrotising retinitis. Br J Ophthalmol 87:79–83CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamamoto S, Sugita S, Sugamoto Y et al (2008) Quantitative PCR for the detection of genomic DNA of Epstein-Barr virus in ocular fluids of patients with uveitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 52:463–467CrossRefPubMed Yamamoto S, Sugita S, Sugamoto Y et al (2008) Quantitative PCR for the detection of genomic DNA of Epstein-Barr virus in ocular fluids of patients with uveitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 52:463–467CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Steiner I, Kennedy PG, Pachner AR (2007) The neurotropic herpes viruses: herpes simplex and varicella-zoster. Lancet Neurol 6:1015–1028CrossRefPubMed Steiner I, Kennedy PG, Pachner AR (2007) The neurotropic herpes viruses: herpes simplex and varicella-zoster. Lancet Neurol 6:1015–1028CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Mott KR, Bresee CJ, Allen SJ et al (2009) Level of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency correlates with severity of corneal scarring and exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected mice. J Virol 835:2246–2254CrossRef Mott KR, Bresee CJ, Allen SJ et al (2009) Level of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency correlates with severity of corneal scarring and exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected mice. J Virol 835:2246–2254CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Theil D, Derfuss T, Paripovic I et al (2003) Latent herpesvirus infection in human trigeminal ganglia causes chronic immune response. Am J Pathol 1636:2179–2184 Theil D, Derfuss T, Paripovic I et al (2003) Latent herpesvirus infection in human trigeminal ganglia causes chronic immune response. Am J Pathol 1636:2179–2184
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Khanna KM, Lepisto AJ, Decman V, Hendricks RL (2004) Immune control of herpes simplex virus during latency. Curr Opin Immunol 64:463–469CrossRef Khanna KM, Lepisto AJ, Decman V, Hendricks RL (2004) Immune control of herpes simplex virus during latency. Curr Opin Immunol 64:463–469CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Knickelbein JE, Khanna KM, Yee MB et al (2008) Noncytotoxic lytic granule-mediated CD8+ T cell inhibition of HSV-1 reactivation from neuronal latency. Science 5899:268–271CrossRef Knickelbein JE, Khanna KM, Yee MB et al (2008) Noncytotoxic lytic granule-mediated CD8+ T cell inhibition of HSV-1 reactivation from neuronal latency. Science 5899:268–271CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Malvy D, Ezzedine K, Lançon F et al (2007) Epidemiology of orofacial herpes simplex virus infections in the general population in France: results of the HERPIMAX study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21:1398–1403CrossRefPubMed Malvy D, Ezzedine K, Lançon F et al (2007) Epidemiology of orofacial herpes simplex virus infections in the general population in France: results of the HERPIMAX study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21:1398–1403CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Lorette G, Crochard A, Mimaud V et al (2006) A survey on the prevalence of orofacial herpes in France: the INSTANT Study. J Am Acad Dermatol 55:225–232CrossRefPubMed Lorette G, Crochard A, Mimaud V et al (2006) A survey on the prevalence of orofacial herpes in France: the INSTANT Study. J Am Acad Dermatol 55:225–232CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Liesegang TJ (2001) Herpes simplex virus epidemiology and ocular importance. Cornea 20:1–13CrossRefPubMed Liesegang TJ (2001) Herpes simplex virus epidemiology and ocular importance. Cornea 20:1–13CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Lafferty WE, Coombs RW, Benedetti J et al (1987) Recurrences after oral and genital herpes simplex virus infection. Influence of site of infection and viral type. N Engl J Med 316:1444–1449PubMed Lafferty WE, Coombs RW, Benedetti J et al (1987) Recurrences after oral and genital herpes simplex virus infection. Influence of site of infection and viral type. N Engl J Med 316:1444–1449PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Pevenstein SR, Williams RK, McChesney D et al (1999) Quantitation of latent varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus genomes in human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 73:10514–10518PubMed Pevenstein SR, Williams RK, McChesney D et al (1999) Quantitation of latent varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus genomes in human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 73:10514–10518PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Hüfner K, Horn A, Derfuss T et al (2009) Fewer latent herpes simplex virus type 1 and cytotoxic T cells occur in the ophthalmic division than in the maxillary and mandibular divisions of the human trigeminal ganglion and nerve. J Virol 83:3696–3703CrossRefPubMed Hüfner K, Horn A, Derfuss T et al (2009) Fewer latent herpes simplex virus type 1 and cytotoxic T cells occur in the ophthalmic division than in the maxillary and mandibular divisions of the human trigeminal ganglion and nerve. J Virol 83:3696–3703CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Crough T, Khanna R (2009) Immunobiology of human cytomegalovirus: from bench to bedside. Clin Microbiol Rev 221:76–98CrossRef Crough T, Khanna R (2009) Immunobiology of human cytomegalovirus: from bench to bedside. Clin Microbiol Rev 221:76–98CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinclair J (2008) Human cytomegalovirus: latency and reactivation in the myeloid lineage. J Clin Virol 41:180–185CrossRefPubMed Sinclair J (2008) Human cytomegalovirus: latency and reactivation in the myeloid lineage. J Clin Virol 41:180–185CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinclair J, Sissons P (2006) Latency and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus. J Gen Virol 87:1763–1779CrossRefPubMed Sinclair J, Sissons P (2006) Latency and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus. J Gen Virol 87:1763–1779CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Miyashita EM, Yang B, Lam KM et al (1995) A novel form of Epstein-Barr virus latency in normal B cells in vivo. Cell 80:593–601CrossRefPubMed Miyashita EM, Yang B, Lam KM et al (1995) A novel form of Epstein-Barr virus latency in normal B cells in vivo. Cell 80:593–601CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Labetoulle M, Kucera P, Ugolini G et al (2000) Neuronal pathways for the propagation of herpes simplex virus type 1 from one retina to the other in a murine model. J Gen Virol 81:1201–1210PubMed Labetoulle M, Kucera P, Ugolini G et al (2000) Neuronal pathways for the propagation of herpes simplex virus type 1 from one retina to the other in a murine model. J Gen Virol 81:1201–1210PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Goto H, Mochizuki M, Yamaki K et al (2007) Epidemiological survey of intraocular inflammation in Japan. Jpn J Ophthalmol 51:41–44CrossRefPubMed Goto H, Mochizuki M, Yamaki K et al (2007) Epidemiological survey of intraocular inflammation in Japan. Jpn J Ophthalmol 51:41–44CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Malkin JE, Morand P, Malvy D et al (2002) Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection in the general French population. Sex Transm Infect 78:201–203CrossRefPubMed Malkin JE, Morand P, Malvy D et al (2002) Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection in the general French population. Sex Transm Infect 78:201–203CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Ganatra JB, Chandler D, Santos C et al (2000) Viral causes of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 129:166–172CrossRefPubMed Ganatra JB, Chandler D, Santos C et al (2000) Viral causes of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 129:166–172CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Gelder RN, Willig JL, Holland GN, Kaplan HJ (2001) Herpes simplex virus type 2 as a cause of acute retinal necrosis syndrome in young patients. Ophthalmology 108:869–876CrossRef Van Gelder RN, Willig JL, Holland GN, Kaplan HJ (2001) Herpes simplex virus type 2 as a cause of acute retinal necrosis syndrome in young patients. Ophthalmology 108:869–876CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Kychenthal A, Coombes A, Greenwood J, Pavesio C (2001) Bilateral acute retinal necrosis and herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis in a neonate. Br J Ophthalmol 85:629–630CrossRefPubMed Kychenthal A, Coombes A, Greenwood J, Pavesio C (2001) Bilateral acute retinal necrosis and herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis in a neonate. Br J Ophthalmol 85:629–630CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahhal FM, Siegel LM, Russak V et al (1996) Clinicopathologic correlations in acute retinal necrosis caused by Herpes simplex Virus type 2. Arch Ophthalmol 114:1416–1419PubMed Rahhal FM, Siegel LM, Russak V et al (1996) Clinicopathologic correlations in acute retinal necrosis caused by Herpes simplex Virus type 2. Arch Ophthalmol 114:1416–1419PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Schlingemann RO, Bruinenberg M, Wertheim-van Dillen P, Feron E (1996) Twenty years‘ delay of fellow eye involvement in herpes simplex virus type 2-associated bilateral acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 122:891–892PubMed Schlingemann RO, Bruinenberg M, Wertheim-van Dillen P, Feron E (1996) Twenty years‘ delay of fellow eye involvement in herpes simplex virus type 2-associated bilateral acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 122:891–892PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Tran TH, Stanescu D, Caspers-Velu L et al (2003) Clinical characteristics of acute HSV-2 retinal necrosis. Am J Ophthalmol 137:872–879CrossRef Tran TH, Stanescu D, Caspers-Velu L et al (2003) Clinical characteristics of acute HSV-2 retinal necrosis. Am J Ophthalmol 137:872–879CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Usui Y, Takeuchi M, Goto H et al (2008) Acute retinal necrosis in Japan. Ophthalmology 115:1632–1633CrossRefPubMed Usui Y, Takeuchi M, Goto H et al (2008) Acute retinal necrosis in Japan. Ophthalmology 115:1632–1633CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Falcone PM, Brockhurst RJ (1993) Delayed onset of bilateral acute retinal necrosis syndrome: a 34-year interval. Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie) 25:373–374 Falcone PM, Brockhurst RJ (1993) Delayed onset of bilateral acute retinal necrosis syndrome: a 34-year interval. Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie) 25:373–374
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Saari KM, Böke W, Manthey KF et al (1982) Bilateral acute retinal necrosis. Am J Ophthalmol 93:403–411PubMed Saari KM, Böke W, Manthey KF et al (1982) Bilateral acute retinal necrosis. Am J Ophthalmol 93:403–411PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Palay DA, Sternberg P Jr, Davis J et al (1991) Decrease in the risk of bilateral acute retinal necrosis by acyclovir therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 112:250–255PubMed Palay DA, Sternberg P Jr, Davis J et al (1991) Decrease in the risk of bilateral acute retinal necrosis by acyclovir therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 112:250–255PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Cordero-Coma M, Anzaar F, Yilmaz T, Foster CS (2007) Herpetic retinitis. Herpes 14:4–10PubMed Cordero-Coma M, Anzaar F, Yilmaz T, Foster CS (2007) Herpetic retinitis. Herpes 14:4–10PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Holland GN, Cornell PJ, Park MS et al (1989) An association between acute retinal necrosis syndrome and HLA-DQw7 and phenotype Bw62, DR4. Am J Ophthalmol 108:370–374PubMed Holland GN, Cornell PJ, Park MS et al (1989) An association between acute retinal necrosis syndrome and HLA-DQw7 and phenotype Bw62, DR4. Am J Ophthalmol 108:370–374PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsuo T, Matsuo N (1991) HLA-DR9 associated with the severity of acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Ophthalmologica 203:133–137CrossRefPubMed Matsuo T, Matsuo N (1991) HLA-DR9 associated with the severity of acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Ophthalmologica 203:133–137CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Bristow EA, Cottrell DG, Pandit RJ (2006) Bilateral acute retinal necrosis syndrome following herpes simplex type 1 encephalitis. Eye 20:1327–1330CrossRefPubMed Bristow EA, Cottrell DG, Pandit RJ (2006) Bilateral acute retinal necrosis syndrome following herpes simplex type 1 encephalitis. Eye 20:1327–1330CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat de la Blanchardiere A, Rozenberg F, Caumes E et al (2000) Neurological complications of Varicella-zoster virus infection in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Scand J Infect Dis 32:263–269CrossRef de la Blanchardiere A, Rozenberg F, Caumes E et al (2000) Neurological complications of Varicella-zoster virus infection in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Scand J Infect Dis 32:263–269CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Gain P, Chiquet C, Thuret G et al (2002) Herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis associated with acute retinal necrosis syndrome in an immunocompetent patient. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80:546–549CrossRefPubMed Gain P, Chiquet C, Thuret G et al (2002) Herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis associated with acute retinal necrosis syndrome in an immunocompetent patient. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80:546–549CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaynor BD, Wade NK, Cunningham ET (2001) Herpes simplex virus type 1 associated acute retinal necrosis following encephalitis. Retina 21:688–690CrossRefPubMed Gaynor BD, Wade NK, Cunningham ET (2001) Herpes simplex virus type 1 associated acute retinal necrosis following encephalitis. Retina 21:688–690CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadden PW, Barry CJ (2002) Images in clinical medicine. Herpetic encephalitis and acute retinal necrosis. N Engl J Med 347:1932CrossRefPubMed Hadden PW, Barry CJ (2002) Images in clinical medicine. Herpetic encephalitis and acute retinal necrosis. N Engl J Med 347:1932CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim C, Yoon YH (2002) Unilateral acute retinal necrosis occurring 2 years after herpes simplex type 1 encephalitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 33:250–252PubMed Kim C, Yoon YH (2002) Unilateral acute retinal necrosis occurring 2 years after herpes simplex type 1 encephalitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 33:250–252PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Maertzdorf J, Van der Lelij A, Baarsma GS et al (2001) Herpes simplex virus type 1 HSV-1-induced retinitis following herpes simplex encephalitis: indications for brain-to-eye transmission of HSV-1. Ann Neurol 49:104–106CrossRefPubMed Maertzdorf J, Van der Lelij A, Baarsma GS et al (2001) Herpes simplex virus type 1 HSV-1-induced retinitis following herpes simplex encephalitis: indications for brain-to-eye transmission of HSV-1. Ann Neurol 49:104–106CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Pavesio CE, Conrad DK, McCluskey PJ et al (1997) Delayed acute retinal necrosis after herpetic encephalitis. Br J Ophthalmol 81:415–416CrossRefPubMed Pavesio CE, Conrad DK, McCluskey PJ et al (1997) Delayed acute retinal necrosis after herpetic encephalitis. Br J Ophthalmol 81:415–416CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamamoto S, Nakao T, Kajiyama K (2007) Acute retinal necrosis following herpes simplex encephalitis. Arch Neurol 64:283CrossRefPubMed Yamamoto S, Nakao T, Kajiyama K (2007) Acute retinal necrosis following herpes simplex encephalitis. Arch Neurol 64:283CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Winterhalter S, Adams O, Althaus CH et al (2007) Akute Retinanekrose. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 224:567–574CrossRefPubMed Winterhalter S, Adams O, Althaus CH et al (2007) Akute Retinanekrose. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 224:567–574CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat de Boer JH, Verhagen C, Bruinenberg M et al (1996) Serologic and polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluids in the diagnosis of infectious uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 121:650–658 de Boer JH, Verhagen C, Bruinenberg M et al (1996) Serologic and polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluids in the diagnosis of infectious uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 121:650–658
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Knox CM, Chandler D, Short GA, Margolis TP (1998) Polymerase chain reaction-based assays of vitreous samples for the diagnosis of viral retinitis. Use in diagnostic dilemmas. Ophthalmology 105:37–44CrossRefPubMed Knox CM, Chandler D, Short GA, Margolis TP (1998) Polymerase chain reaction-based assays of vitreous samples for the diagnosis of viral retinitis. Use in diagnostic dilemmas. Ophthalmology 105:37–44CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Hasselbach HC, Fickenscher H, Nölle B, Roider J (2008) Atypical ocular toxoplasmosis with concomitant ocular reactivation of varicella-zoster virus and cytomegalovirus in an immunocompromised host. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 225:236–239CrossRefPubMed Hasselbach HC, Fickenscher H, Nölle B, Roider J (2008) Atypical ocular toxoplasmosis with concomitant ocular reactivation of varicella-zoster virus and cytomegalovirus in an immunocompromised host. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 225:236–239CrossRefPubMed
61.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat de Boer JH, Luyendijk L, Rothova A et al (1994) Detection of intraocular antibody production to herpesviruses in acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 117:201–210 de Boer JH, Luyendijk L, Rothova A et al (1994) Detection of intraocular antibody production to herpesviruses in acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 117:201–210
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Dussaix E, Cerqueti PM, Pontet F, Bloch-Michel E (1987) New approaches to the detection of locally produced antiviral antibodies in the aqueous of patients with endogenous uveitis. Ophthalmologica 194:145–149CrossRefPubMed Dussaix E, Cerqueti PM, Pontet F, Bloch-Michel E (1987) New approaches to the detection of locally produced antiviral antibodies in the aqueous of patients with endogenous uveitis. Ophthalmologica 194:145–149CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Fekkar A, Bodaghi B, Touafek F et al (2008) Comparison of immunoblotting, calculation of the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient, and real-time PCR using aqueous humor samples for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 46:1965–1967CrossRefPubMed Fekkar A, Bodaghi B, Touafek F et al (2008) Comparison of immunoblotting, calculation of the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient, and real-time PCR using aqueous humor samples for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 46:1965–1967CrossRefPubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Kijlstra A, Breebaart AC, Baarsma GS et al (1989) Aqueous humor analysis as a diagnostic tool in toxoplasma uveitis. Int Ophthalmol 13:383–386CrossRefPubMed Kijlstra A, Breebaart AC, Baarsma GS et al (1989) Aqueous humor analysis as a diagnostic tool in toxoplasma uveitis. Int Ophthalmol 13:383–386CrossRefPubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Pepose JS, Flowers B, Stewart JA et al (1992) Herpesvirus antibody levels in the etiologic diagnosis of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 113:248–256PubMed Pepose JS, Flowers B, Stewart JA et al (1992) Herpesvirus antibody levels in the etiologic diagnosis of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 113:248–256PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Doornenbal P, Seerp Baarsma G, Quint WG et al (1996) Diagnostic assays in cytomegalovirus retinitis: detection of herpesvirus by simultaneous application of the polymerase chain reaction and local antibody analysis on ocular fluid. Br J Ophthalmol 80:235–240CrossRefPubMed Doornenbal P, Seerp Baarsma G, Quint WG et al (1996) Diagnostic assays in cytomegalovirus retinitis: detection of herpesvirus by simultaneous application of the polymerase chain reaction and local antibody analysis on ocular fluid. Br J Ophthalmol 80:235–240CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Kijlstra A, van den Horn GJ, Luyendijk L et al (1990) Laboratory tests in uveitis. New developments in the analysis of local antibody production. Doc Ophthalmol 75:225–231CrossRefPubMed Kijlstra A, van den Horn GJ, Luyendijk L et al (1990) Laboratory tests in uveitis. New developments in the analysis of local antibody production. Doc Ophthalmol 75:225–231CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat DeClerq E (2004) Antiviral drugs in current clinical use. J Clin Virol 30:115–133CrossRef DeClerq E (2004) Antiviral drugs in current clinical use. J Clin Virol 30:115–133CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM (1989) Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 37:233–309CrossRef O’Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM (1989) Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 37:233–309CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Blumenkranz MS, Culbertson WW, Clarkson JG, Dix R (1986) Treatment of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome with intravenous acyclovir. Ophthalmology 93:296–300PubMed Blumenkranz MS, Culbertson WW, Clarkson JG, Dix R (1986) Treatment of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome with intravenous acyclovir. Ophthalmology 93:296–300PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Duker S, Blumenkranz MS (1991) Diagnosis and management of the acute retinal necrosis ARN syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol 35:327–343CrossRefPubMed Duker S, Blumenkranz MS (1991) Diagnosis and management of the acute retinal necrosis ARN syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol 35:327–343CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Morse LS, Mizoguchi M (1995) Diagnosis and management of viral retinitis in the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Semin Ophthalmol 10:28–41CrossRefPubMed Morse LS, Mizoguchi M (1995) Diagnosis and management of viral retinitis in the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Semin Ophthalmol 10:28–41CrossRefPubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Katragadda S, Talluri RS, Pal D, Mitra AK (2005) Identification and characterization of a Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter, ASCT1, in rabbit corneal epithelial cell culture and rabbit cornea. Curr Eye Res 30:989–1002CrossRefPubMed Katragadda S, Talluri RS, Pal D, Mitra AK (2005) Identification and characterization of a Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter, ASCT1, in rabbit corneal epithelial cell culture and rabbit cornea. Curr Eye Res 30:989–1002CrossRefPubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Granero GE, Amidon GL (2006) Stability of valacyclovir: implications for its oral bioavailability. Int J Pharm 317:14–18CrossRefPubMed Granero GE, Amidon GL (2006) Stability of valacyclovir: implications for its oral bioavailability. Int J Pharm 317:14–18CrossRefPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Soul-Lawton J, Seaber E, On N et al (1995) Absolute bioavailability and metabolic disposition of valaciclovir, the L-valyl ester of acyclovir, following oral administration to humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:2759–2764PubMed Soul-Lawton J, Seaber E, On N et al (1995) Absolute bioavailability and metabolic disposition of valaciclovir, the L-valyl ester of acyclovir, following oral administration to humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:2759–2764PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Huynh TH, Johnson MW, Comer GM, Fish DN (2008) Vitreous penetration of orally administered valacyclovir. Am J Ophthalmol 145:682–686CrossRefPubMed Huynh TH, Johnson MW, Comer GM, Fish DN (2008) Vitreous penetration of orally administered valacyclovir. Am J Ophthalmol 145:682–686CrossRefPubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Chakrabarty A, Tyring SK, Beutner K, Rauser M (2004) Recent clinical experience with famciclovir-a „third generation“ nucleoside prodrug. Antivir Chem Chemother 15:251–253PubMed Chakrabarty A, Tyring SK, Beutner K, Rauser M (2004) Recent clinical experience with famciclovir-a „third generation“ nucleoside prodrug. Antivir Chem Chemother 15:251–253PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Fletcher C, Bean B (1985) Evaluation of oral acyclovir therapy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 19:518–524PubMed Fletcher C, Bean B (1985) Evaluation of oral acyclovir therapy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 19:518–524PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Chong DY, Johnson MW, Huynh TH et al (2009) Vitreous penetration of orally administered famciclovir. Am J Ophthalmol 148:38–42CrossRefPubMed Chong DY, Johnson MW, Huynh TH et al (2009) Vitreous penetration of orally administered famciclovir. Am J Ophthalmol 148:38–42CrossRefPubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Figueroa MS, Garabito I, Gutierrez C, Fortun J (1997) Famciclovir for the treatment of acute retinal necrosis ARN syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 123:255–257PubMed Figueroa MS, Garabito I, Gutierrez C, Fortun J (1997) Famciclovir for the treatment of acute retinal necrosis ARN syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 123:255–257PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Emerson GG, Smith JR, Wilson DJ et al (2006) Primary treatment of acute retinal necrosis with oral antiviral therapy. Ophthalmology 113:2259–2261CrossRefPubMed Emerson GG, Smith JR, Wilson DJ et al (2006) Primary treatment of acute retinal necrosis with oral antiviral therapy. Ophthalmology 113:2259–2261CrossRefPubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Savant V, Saeed T, Denniston A, Murray PI (2004) Oral valganciclovir treatment of varicella zoster virus acute retinal necrosis. Eye 18:544–545CrossRefPubMed Savant V, Saeed T, Denniston A, Murray PI (2004) Oral valganciclovir treatment of varicella zoster virus acute retinal necrosis. Eye 18:544–545CrossRefPubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Aizman A, Johnson MW, Elner SG (2007) Treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome with oral antiviral medications. Ophthalmology 114:307–312CrossRefPubMed Aizman A, Johnson MW, Elner SG (2007) Treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome with oral antiviral medications. Ophthalmology 114:307–312CrossRefPubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat DeClerq E, Holy A (2005) Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: a key class of antiviral drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:928–940CrossRef DeClerq E, Holy A (2005) Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: a key class of antiviral drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:928–940CrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Ho ES, Lin DC, Mendel DB, Cihlar T (2000) Cytotoxicity of antiviral nucleotides adefovir and cidofovir is induced by the expression of human renal organic anion transporter 1. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:383–393PubMed Ho ES, Lin DC, Mendel DB, Cihlar T (2000) Cytotoxicity of antiviral nucleotides adefovir and cidofovir is induced by the expression of human renal organic anion transporter 1. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:383–393PubMed
87.
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Phan DD, Chin-Hong P, Lin ET et al (2003) Intra- and interindividual variabilities of valacyclovir oral bioavailability and effect of coadministration of an hPEPT1 inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:2351–2353CrossRefPubMed Phan DD, Chin-Hong P, Lin ET et al (2003) Intra- and interindividual variabilities of valacyclovir oral bioavailability and effect of coadministration of an hPEPT1 inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:2351–2353CrossRefPubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Reid R, Mar EC, Huang ES, Topal MD (1988) Insertion and extension of acyclic, dideoxy, and ara nucleotides by herpesviridae, human alpha and human beta polymerases. A unique inhibition mechanism for 9-1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethylguanine triphosphate. J Biol Chem 2633:898–904 Reid R, Mar EC, Huang ES, Topal MD (1988) Insertion and extension of acyclic, dideoxy, and ara nucleotides by herpesviridae, human alpha and human beta polymerases. A unique inhibition mechanism for 9-1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethylguanine triphosphate. J Biol Chem 2633:898–904
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Cvetkovic RS, Wellington K (2005) Valganciclovir: a review of its use in the management of CMV infection and disease in immunocompromised patients. Drugs 65:859–878CrossRefPubMed Cvetkovic RS, Wellington K (2005) Valganciclovir: a review of its use in the management of CMV infection and disease in immunocompromised patients. Drugs 65:859–878CrossRefPubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Paya C, Humar A, Dominguez E et al (2004) Efficacy and safety of valganciclovir vs. oral ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 4:611–620CrossRefPubMed Paya C, Humar A, Dominguez E et al (2004) Efficacy and safety of valganciclovir vs. oral ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 4:611–620CrossRefPubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Chou S (2008) Cytomegalovirus UL97 mutations in the era of ganciclovir and maribavir. Rev Med Virol 18:233–246CrossRefPubMed Chou S (2008) Cytomegalovirus UL97 mutations in the era of ganciclovir and maribavir. Rev Med Virol 18:233–246CrossRefPubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Zambarakji HH, Obi AA, Mitchell SM (2002) Successful treatment of Varizella-zoster virus retinitis with aggressive intravitreal and systemic antiviral therapy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 10:41–46CrossRefPubMed Zambarakji HH, Obi AA, Mitchell SM (2002) Successful treatment of Varizella-zoster virus retinitis with aggressive intravitreal and systemic antiviral therapy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 10:41–46CrossRefPubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott IU, Luu KM, Davis JL (2002) Intravitreal antivirals in the management of patients with Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome with progressive outer retinal necrosis. Arch Ophthalmol 120:1219–1222PubMed Scott IU, Luu KM, Davis JL (2002) Intravitreal antivirals in the management of patients with Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome with progressive outer retinal necrosis. Arch Ophthalmol 120:1219–1222PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Velez G, Roy CE, Whitcup SM et al (2001) High-dose intravitreal ganciclovir and foscarnet for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 131:396–397CrossRefPubMed Velez G, Roy CE, Whitcup SM et al (2001) High-dose intravitreal ganciclovir and foscarnet for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 131:396–397CrossRefPubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Balansard B, Bodaghi B, Cassoux N et al (2005) Necrotising retinopathies simulating acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 89:96–101CrossRefPubMed Balansard B, Bodaghi B, Cassoux N et al (2005) Necrotising retinopathies simulating acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 89:96–101CrossRefPubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Moshfeghi DM, Dodds EM, Couto CA et al (2004) Diagnostic approaches to severe, atypical toxoplasmosis mimicking acute retinal necrosis. Ophthalmology 111:716–725CrossRefPubMed Moshfeghi DM, Dodds EM, Couto CA et al (2004) Diagnostic approaches to severe, atypical toxoplasmosis mimicking acute retinal necrosis. Ophthalmology 111:716–725CrossRefPubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Forster DJ, Dugel PU, Frangieh GT et al (1990) Rapidly progressive outer retinal necrosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 110:341–348PubMed Forster DJ, Dugel PU, Frangieh GT et al (1990) Rapidly progressive outer retinal necrosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 110:341–348PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Akute retinale Nekrose aus Virologensicht
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. P. Rautenberg
L. Grančičova
J. Hillenkamp
B. Nölle
J.B. Roider
H. Fickenscher
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2009
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Ophthalmologie / Ausgabe 12/2009
Print ISSN: 2731-720X
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7218
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-009-2048-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2009

Die Ophthalmologie 12/2009 Zur Ausgabe

Mitteilungen der DOG

Kongressnachbesprechung

Neu im Fachgebiet Augenheilkunde

Ophthalmika in der Schwangerschaft

Die Verwendung von Ophthalmika in der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit stellt immer eine Off-label-Anwendung dar. Ein Einsatz von Arzneimitteln muss daher besonders sorgfältig auf sein Risiko-Nutzen-Verhältnis bewertet werden. In der vorliegenden …

Operative Therapie und Keimnachweis bei endogener Endophthalmitis

Vitrektomie Originalie

Die endogene Endophthalmitis ist eine hämatogen fortgeleitete, bakterielle oder fungale Infektion, die über choroidale oder retinale Gefäße in den Augapfel eingeschwemmt wird [ 1 – 3 ]. Von dort infiltrieren die Keime in die Netzhaut, den …

Bakterielle endogene Endophthalmitis

Vitrektomie Leitthema

Eine endogene Endophthalmitis stellt einen ophthalmologischen Notfall dar, der umgehender Diagnostik und Therapie bedarf. Es sollte mit geeigneten Methoden, wie beispielsweise dem Freiburger Endophthalmitis-Set, ein Keimnachweis erfolgen. Bei der …

So erreichen Sie eine bestmögliche Wundheilung der Kornea

Die bestmögliche Wundheilung der Kornea, insbesondere ohne die Ausbildung von lichtstreuenden Narben, ist oberstes Gebot, um einer dauerhaften Schädigung der Hornhaut frühzeitig entgegenzuwirken und die Funktion des Auges zu erhalten.   

Update Augenheilkunde

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.