Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2/2012

01.02.2012 | Review Article

Contemporary Management of Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

verfasst von: Rebecca M. Minter, Diane M. Simeone

Erschienen in: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery | Ausgabe 2/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

This article reviews the current literature and recommendations pertaining to the management of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Discussion

In recent years the detection of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors has increased coincident with the increased use of cross-sectional imaging and is now thought to represent 2–10% of all pancreatic tumors. Improved understanding of the biology and behavior of these heterogeneous tumors is needed to guide therapy. The present review discusses diagnostics, therapeutics including emerging molecular analytics, and surveillance recommendations.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Metz DC, Jensen RT. Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: pancreatic endocrine tumors. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1469–1492.PubMedCrossRef Metz DC, Jensen RT. Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: pancreatic endocrine tumors. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1469–1492.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Falconi M, Plockinger U, Kwekkeboom DJ et al. Well-differentiated pancreatic nonfunctioning tumors/carcinoma. Neuroendocrinology 2006; 84: 196–211.PubMedCrossRef Falconi M, Plockinger U, Kwekkeboom DJ et al. Well-differentiated pancreatic nonfunctioning tumors/carcinoma. Neuroendocrinology 2006; 84: 196–211.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Ito T, Tanaka M, Sasano H et al. Preliminary results of a Japanese nationwide survey of neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumors. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 497–500.PubMedCrossRef Ito T, Tanaka M, Sasano H et al. Preliminary results of a Japanese nationwide survey of neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumors. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 497–500.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Panzuto F, Nasoni S, Falconi M et al. Prognostic factors and survival in endocrine tumor patients: comparison between gastrointestinal and pancreatic localization. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005; 12: 1083–1092.PubMedCrossRef Panzuto F, Nasoni S, Falconi M et al. Prognostic factors and survival in endocrine tumor patients: comparison between gastrointestinal and pancreatic localization. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005; 12: 1083–1092.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Kloppel G. Tumour biology and histopathology of neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 15–31.PubMedCrossRef Kloppel G. Tumour biology and histopathology of neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 15–31.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Pais SA, Al-Haddad M, Mohamadnejad M et al. EUS for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a single-center, 11-year experience. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 1185–1193.PubMedCrossRef Pais SA, Al-Haddad M, Mohamadnejad M et al. EUS for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a single-center, 11-year experience. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 1185–1193.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen RT, Berna MJ, Bingham DB, Norton JA. Inherited pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes: advances in molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and controversies. Cancer 2008; 113: 1807–1843.PubMedCrossRef Jensen RT, Berna MJ, Bingham DB, Norton JA. Inherited pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes: advances in molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and controversies. Cancer 2008; 113: 1807–1843.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Kulke MH, Siu LL, Tepper JE et al. Future directions in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors: consensus report of the National Cancer Institute Neuroendocrine Tumor clinical trials planning meeting. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 934–943.PubMedCrossRef Kulke MH, Siu LL, Tepper JE et al. Future directions in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors: consensus report of the National Cancer Institute Neuroendocrine Tumor clinical trials planning meeting. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 934–943.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Rindi G, Kloppel G, Alhman H et al. TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch 2006; 449: 395–401.PubMedCrossRef Rindi G, Kloppel G, Alhman H et al. TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch 2006; 449: 395–401.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Ekeblad S, Skogseid B, Dunder K et al. Prognostic factors and survival in 324 patients with pancreatic endocrine tumor treated at a single institution. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 7798–7803.PubMedCrossRef Ekeblad S, Skogseid B, Dunder K et al. Prognostic factors and survival in 324 patients with pancreatic endocrine tumor treated at a single institution. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 7798–7803.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat La Rosa S, Sessa F, Capella C et al. Prognostic criteria in nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumours. Virchows Arch 1996; 429: 323–333.PubMedCrossRef La Rosa S, Sessa F, Capella C et al. Prognostic criteria in nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumours. Virchows Arch 1996; 429: 323–333.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen RT. Natural history of digestive endocrine tumors. Paris, France: John Libbey Eurotext Publishing Co. 1999. Jensen RT. Natural history of digestive endocrine tumors. Paris, France: John Libbey Eurotext Publishing Co. 1999.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Madeira I, Terris B, Voss M et al. Prognostic factors in patients with endocrine tumours of the duodenopancreatic area. Gut 1998; 43: 422–427.PubMedCrossRef Madeira I, Terris B, Voss M et al. Prognostic factors in patients with endocrine tumours of the duodenopancreatic area. Gut 1998; 43: 422–427.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Chu QD, Hill HC, Douglass HO, Jr. et al. Predictive factors associated with long-term survival in patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9: 855–862.PubMedCrossRef Chu QD, Hill HC, Douglass HO, Jr. et al. Predictive factors associated with long-term survival in patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9: 855–862.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Mignon M. Natural history of neuroendocrine enteropancreatic tumors. Digestion 2000; 62 Suppl 1: 51–58.PubMedCrossRef Mignon M. Natural history of neuroendocrine enteropancreatic tumors. Digestion 2000; 62 Suppl 1: 51–58.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Que FG, Sarmiento JM, Nagorney DM. Hepatic surgery for metastatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Control 2002; 9: 67–79.PubMed Que FG, Sarmiento JM, Nagorney DM. Hepatic surgery for metastatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Control 2002; 9: 67–79.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Blansfield JA, Choyke L, Morita SY et al. Clinical, genetic and radiographic analysis of 108 patients with von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL) manifested by pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNETs). Surgery 2007; 142: 814–818; discussion 818 e811–812.PubMedCrossRef Blansfield JA, Choyke L, Morita SY et al. Clinical, genetic and radiographic analysis of 108 patients with von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL) manifested by pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNETs). Surgery 2007; 142: 814–818; discussion 818 e811–812.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat O'Toole D, Grossman A, Gross D et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: biochemical markers. Neuroendocrinology 2009; 90: 194–202.PubMedCrossRef O'Toole D, Grossman A, Gross D et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: biochemical markers. Neuroendocrinology 2009; 90: 194–202.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Oberg K, Stridsberg M. Chromogranins as diagnostic and prognostic markers in neuroendocrine tumours. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 482: 329–337.PubMedCrossRef Oberg K, Stridsberg M. Chromogranins as diagnostic and prognostic markers in neuroendocrine tumours. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 482: 329–337.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Panzuto F, Severi C, Cannizzaro R et al. Utility of combined use of plasma levels of chromogranin A and pancreatic polypeptide in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. J Endocrinol Invest 2004; 27: 6–11.PubMed Panzuto F, Severi C, Cannizzaro R et al. Utility of combined use of plasma levels of chromogranin A and pancreatic polypeptide in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. J Endocrinol Invest 2004; 27: 6–11.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Sundin A, Vullierme MP, Kaltsas G, Plockinger U. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: radiological examinations. Neuroendocrinology 2009; 90: 167–183.PubMedCrossRef Sundin A, Vullierme MP, Kaltsas G, Plockinger U. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: radiological examinations. Neuroendocrinology 2009; 90: 167–183.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Akerstrom G, Hellman P. Surgery on neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 87–109.PubMedCrossRef Akerstrom G, Hellman P. Surgery on neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 87–109.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Diehl DL, Blansfield J, Li J. Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 1064–1065; discussion 1065.PubMedCrossRef Diehl DL, Blansfield J, Li J. Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 1064–1065; discussion 1065.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Sundin A, Garske U, Orlefors H. Nuclear imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 69–85.PubMedCrossRef Sundin A, Garske U, Orlefors H. Nuclear imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 69–85.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Lebtahi R, Cadiot G, Sarda L et al. Clinical impact of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of patients with neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 853–858.PubMed Lebtahi R, Cadiot G, Sarda L et al. Clinical impact of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of patients with neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 853–858.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexander HR, Fraker DL, Norton JA et al. Prospective study of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and its effect on operative outcome in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg 1998; 228: 228–238.PubMedCrossRef Alexander HR, Fraker DL, Norton JA et al. Prospective study of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and its effect on operative outcome in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg 1998; 228: 228–238.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Hellman P, Andersson M, Rastad J et al. Surgical strategy for large or malignant endocrine pancreatic tumors. World J Surg 2000; 24: 1353–1360.PubMedCrossRef Hellman P, Andersson M, Rastad J et al. Surgical strategy for large or malignant endocrine pancreatic tumors. World J Surg 2000; 24: 1353–1360.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Norton JA, Kivlen M, Li M et al. Morbidity and mortality of aggressive resection in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Arch Surg 2003; 138: 859–866.PubMedCrossRef Norton JA, Kivlen M, Li M et al. Morbidity and mortality of aggressive resection in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Arch Surg 2003; 138: 859–866.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans DB, Skibber JM, Lee JE et al. Nonfunctioning islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Surgery 1993; 114: 1175–1181; discussion 1181–1172.PubMed Evans DB, Skibber JM, Lee JE et al. Nonfunctioning islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Surgery 1993; 114: 1175–1181; discussion 1181–1172.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Solorzano CC, Lee JE, Pisters PW et al. Nonfunctioning islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas: survival results in a contemporary series of 163 patients. Surgery 2001; 130: 1078–1085.PubMedCrossRef Solorzano CC, Lee JE, Pisters PW et al. Nonfunctioning islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas: survival results in a contemporary series of 163 patients. Surgery 2001; 130: 1078–1085.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Warshaw AL, Rattner DW, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Z'Graggen K. Middle segment pancreatectomy: a novel technique for conserving pancreatic tissue. Arch Surg 1998; 133: 327–331.PubMedCrossRef Warshaw AL, Rattner DW, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Z'Graggen K. Middle segment pancreatectomy: a novel technique for conserving pancreatic tissue. Arch Surg 1998; 133: 327–331.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamaguchi K, Yokohata K, Ohkido M et al. Which is less invasive—distal pancreatectomy or segmental resection? Int Surg 2000; 85: 297–302.PubMed Yamaguchi K, Yokohata K, Ohkido M et al. Which is less invasive—distal pancreatectomy or segmental resection? Int Surg 2000; 85: 297–302.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Sellner F, Thalhammer S, Stattner S et al. TNM stage and grade in predicting the prognosis of operated, non-functioning neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas—a single-institution experience. J Surg Oncol 2011. Sellner F, Thalhammer S, Stattner S et al. TNM stage and grade in predicting the prognosis of operated, non-functioning neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas—a single-institution experience. J Surg Oncol 2011.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Touzios JG, Kiely JM, Pitt SC et al. Neuroendocrine hepatic metastases: does aggressive management improve survival? Ann Surg 2005; 241: 776–783; discussion 783–775.PubMedCrossRef Touzios JG, Kiely JM, Pitt SC et al. Neuroendocrine hepatic metastases: does aggressive management improve survival? Ann Surg 2005; 241: 776–783; discussion 783–775.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamberlain RS, Canes D, Brown KT et al. Hepatic neuroendocrine metastases: does intervention alter outcomes? J Am Coll Surg 2000; 190: 432–445.PubMedCrossRef Chamberlain RS, Canes D, Brown KT et al. Hepatic neuroendocrine metastases: does intervention alter outcomes? J Am Coll Surg 2000; 190: 432–445.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kulke MH, Anthony LB, Bushnell DL et al. NANETS treatment guidelines: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach and pancreas. Pancreas 2010; 39: 735–752.PubMedCrossRef Kulke MH, Anthony LB, Bushnell DL et al. NANETS treatment guidelines: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach and pancreas. Pancreas 2010; 39: 735–752.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakurai A, Katai M, Yamashita K et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Endocr J 2007; 54: 295–302.PubMedCrossRef Sakurai A, Katai M, Yamashita K et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Endocr J 2007; 54: 295–302.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Triponez F, Goudet P, Dosseh D et al. Is surgery beneficial for MEN1 patients with small (< or = 2 cm), nonfunctioning pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumor? An analysis of 65 patients from the GTE. World J Surg 2006; 30: 654–662; discussion 663–654.PubMedCrossRef Triponez F, Goudet P, Dosseh D et al. Is surgery beneficial for MEN1 patients with small (< or = 2 cm), nonfunctioning pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumor? An analysis of 65 patients from the GTE. World J Surg 2006; 30: 654–662; discussion 663–654.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Triponez F, Cadiot G. Non-functioning tumours of the pancreas in MEN1 patients. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2007; 16: 295–296.PubMed Triponez F, Cadiot G. Non-functioning tumours of the pancreas in MEN1 patients. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2007; 16: 295–296.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Gauger PG, Scheiman JM, Wamsteker EJ et al. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in screening and treatment of pancreatic endocrine tumours in asymptomatic patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Br J Surg 2003; 90: 748–754.PubMedCrossRef Gauger PG, Scheiman JM, Wamsteker EJ et al. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in screening and treatment of pancreatic endocrine tumours in asymptomatic patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Br J Surg 2003; 90: 748–754.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Langer P, Kann PH, Fendrich V et al. Prospective evaluation of imaging procedures for the detection of pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. World J Surg 2004; 28: 1317–1322.PubMedCrossRef Langer P, Kann PH, Fendrich V et al. Prospective evaluation of imaging procedures for the detection of pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. World J Surg 2004; 28: 1317–1322.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas-Marques L, Murat A, Delemer B et al. Prospective endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of the frequency of nonfunctioning pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 266–273.PubMedCrossRef Thomas-Marques L, Murat A, Delemer B et al. Prospective endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of the frequency of nonfunctioning pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 266–273.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Cote GJ et al. Management of pancreatic endocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. World J Surg 2006; 30: 643–653.PubMedCrossRef Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Cote GJ et al. Management of pancreatic endocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. World J Surg 2006; 30: 643–653.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Hammel PR, Vilgrain V, Terris B et al. Pancreatic involvement in von Hippel–Lindau disease. The Groupe Francophone d'Etude de la Maladie de von Hippel–Lindau. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 1087–1095.PubMedCrossRef Hammel PR, Vilgrain V, Terris B et al. Pancreatic involvement in von Hippel–Lindau disease. The Groupe Francophone d'Etude de la Maladie de von Hippel–Lindau. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 1087–1095.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Libutti SK, Choyke PL, Bartlett DL et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors associated with von Hippel Lindau disease: diagnostic and management recommendations. Surgery 1998; 124: 1153–1159.PubMedCrossRef Libutti SK, Choyke PL, Bartlett DL et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors associated with von Hippel Lindau disease: diagnostic and management recommendations. Surgery 1998; 124: 1153–1159.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Maddock IR, Moran A, Maher ER et al. A genetic register for von Hippel–Lindau disease. J Med Genet 1996; 33: 120–127.PubMedCrossRef Maddock IR, Moran A, Maher ER et al. A genetic register for von Hippel–Lindau disease. J Med Genet 1996; 33: 120–127.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenau J, Bahr MJ, von Wasielewski R et al. Ki67, E-cadherin, and p53 as prognostic indicators of long-term outcome after liver transplantation for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Transplantation 2002; 73: 386–394.PubMedCrossRef Rosenau J, Bahr MJ, von Wasielewski R et al. Ki67, E-cadherin, and p53 as prognostic indicators of long-term outcome after liver transplantation for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Transplantation 2002; 73: 386–394.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Le Treut YP, Gregoire E, Belghiti J et al. Predictors of long-term survival after liver transplantation for metastatic endocrine tumors: an 85-case French multicentric report. Am J Transplant 2008; 8: 1205–1213.PubMedCrossRef Le Treut YP, Gregoire E, Belghiti J et al. Predictors of long-term survival after liver transplantation for metastatic endocrine tumors: an 85-case French multicentric report. Am J Transplant 2008; 8: 1205–1213.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat O'Toole D, Ruszniewski P. Chemoembolization and other ablative therapies for liver metastases of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 585–594.PubMedCrossRef O'Toole D, Ruszniewski P. Chemoembolization and other ablative therapies for liver metastases of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 585–594.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Toumpanakis C, Meyer T, Caplin ME. Cytotoxic treatment including embolization/chemoembolization for neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 131–144.PubMedCrossRef Toumpanakis C, Meyer T, Caplin ME. Cytotoxic treatment including embolization/chemoembolization for neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 131–144.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Yao KA, Talamonti MS, Nemcek A et al. Indications and results of liver resection and hepatic chemoembolization for metastatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery 2001; 130: 677–682; discussion 682–675.PubMedCrossRef Yao KA, Talamonti MS, Nemcek A et al. Indications and results of liver resection and hepatic chemoembolization for metastatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery 2001; 130: 677–682; discussion 682–675.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Kennedy AS, Dezarn WA, McNeillie P et al. Radioembolization for unresectable neuroendocrine hepatic metastases using resin 90Y-microspheres: early results in 148 patients. Am J Clin Oncol 2008; 31: 271–279.PubMedCrossRef Kennedy AS, Dezarn WA, McNeillie P et al. Radioembolization for unresectable neuroendocrine hepatic metastases using resin 90Y-microspheres: early results in 148 patients. Am J Clin Oncol 2008; 31: 271–279.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat King J, Quinn R, Glenn DM et al. Radioembolization with selective internal radiation microspheres for neuroendocrine liver metastases. Cancer 2008; 113: 921–929.PubMedCrossRef King J, Quinn R, Glenn DM et al. Radioembolization with selective internal radiation microspheres for neuroendocrine liver metastases. Cancer 2008; 113: 921–929.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Gillams A, Cassoni A, Conway G, Lees W. Radiofrequency ablation of neuroendocrine liver metastases: the Middlesex experience. Abdom Imaging 2005; 30: 435–441.PubMedCrossRef Gillams A, Cassoni A, Conway G, Lees W. Radiofrequency ablation of neuroendocrine liver metastases: the Middlesex experience. Abdom Imaging 2005; 30: 435–441.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Forrer F, Valkema R, Kwekkeboom DJ et al. Neuroendocrine tumors. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 111–129.PubMedCrossRef Forrer F, Valkema R, Kwekkeboom DJ et al. Neuroendocrine tumors. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 111–129.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwekkeboom DJ, de Herder WW, Kam BL et al. Treatment with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177 Lu-DOTA 0,Tyr3]octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 2124–2130.PubMedCrossRef Kwekkeboom DJ, de Herder WW, Kam BL et al. Treatment with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177 Lu-DOTA 0,Tyr3]octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 2124–2130.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Raymond E, Dahan L, Raoul JL et al. Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 501–513.PubMedCrossRef Raymond E, Dahan L, Raoul JL et al. Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 501–513.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuveson D, Hanahan D. Translational medicine: cancer lessons from mice to humans. Nature 2011; 471: 316–317.PubMedCrossRef Tuveson D, Hanahan D. Translational medicine: cancer lessons from mice to humans. Nature 2011; 471: 316–317.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Yao JC, Shah MH, Ito T et al. Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 514–523.PubMedCrossRef Yao JC, Shah MH, Ito T et al. Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 514–523.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Casanovas O, Hicklin DJ, Bergers G, Hanahan D. Drug resistance by evasion of antiangiogenic targeting of VEGF signaling in late-stage pancreatic islet tumors. Cancer Cell 2005; 8: 299–309.PubMedCrossRef Casanovas O, Hicklin DJ, Bergers G, Hanahan D. Drug resistance by evasion of antiangiogenic targeting of VEGF signaling in late-stage pancreatic islet tumors. Cancer Cell 2005; 8: 299–309.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Faivre S, Delbaldo C, Vera K et al. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel oral multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 25–35.PubMedCrossRef Faivre S, Delbaldo C, Vera K et al. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel oral multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 25–35.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Paez-Ribes M, Allen E, Hudock J et al. Antiangiogenic therapy elicits malignant progression of tumors to increased local invasion and distant metastasis. Cancer Cell 2009; 15: 220–231.PubMedCrossRef Paez-Ribes M, Allen E, Hudock J et al. Antiangiogenic therapy elicits malignant progression of tumors to increased local invasion and distant metastasis. Cancer Cell 2009; 15: 220–231.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiu CW, Nozawa H, Hanahan D. Survival benefit with proapoptotic molecular and pathologic responses from dual targeting of mammalian target of rapamycin and epidermal growth factor receptor in a preclinical model of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinogenesis. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 4425–4433.PubMedCrossRef Chiu CW, Nozawa H, Hanahan D. Survival benefit with proapoptotic molecular and pathologic responses from dual targeting of mammalian target of rapamycin and epidermal growth factor receptor in a preclinical model of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinogenesis. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 4425–4433.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiao Y, Shi C, Edil BH et al. DAXX/ATRX, MEN1, and mTOR pathway genes are frequently altered in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Science 2011; 331: 1199–1203.PubMedCrossRef Jiao Y, Shi C, Edil BH et al. DAXX/ATRX, MEN1, and mTOR pathway genes are frequently altered in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Science 2011; 331: 1199–1203.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Oberg K, Eriksson B. Endocrine tumours of the pancreas. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 753–781.PubMedCrossRef Oberg K, Eriksson B. Endocrine tumours of the pancreas. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 753–781.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Faiss S, Pape UF, Bohmig M et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter trial on the antiproliferative effect of lanreotide, interferon alfa, and their combination for therapy of metastatic neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors—the International Lanreotide and Interferon Alfa Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 2689–2696.PubMedCrossRef Faiss S, Pape UF, Bohmig M et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter trial on the antiproliferative effect of lanreotide, interferon alfa, and their combination for therapy of metastatic neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors—the International Lanreotide and Interferon Alfa Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 2689–2696.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Kouvaraki MA, Ajani JA, Hoff P et al. Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and streptozocin in the treatment of patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinomas. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 4762–4771.PubMedCrossRef Kouvaraki MA, Ajani JA, Hoff P et al. Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and streptozocin in the treatment of patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinomas. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 4762–4771.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Pavel ME, Baum U, Hahn EG, Hensen J. Doxorubicin and streptozotocin after failed biotherapy of neuroendocrine tumors. Int J Gastrointest Cancer 2005; 35: 179–185.PubMedCrossRef Pavel ME, Baum U, Hahn EG, Hensen J. Doxorubicin and streptozotocin after failed biotherapy of neuroendocrine tumors. Int J Gastrointest Cancer 2005; 35: 179–185.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramanathan RK, Cnaan A, Hahn RG et al. Phase II trial of dacarbazine (DTIC) in advanced pancreatic islet cell carcinoma. Study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-E6282. Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 1139–1143.PubMedCrossRef Ramanathan RK, Cnaan A, Hahn RG et al. Phase II trial of dacarbazine (DTIC) in advanced pancreatic islet cell carcinoma. Study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-E6282. Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 1139–1143.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Strosberg JR, Fine RL, Choi J et al. First-line chemotherapy with capecitabine and temozolomide in patients with metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinomas. Cancer 2011; 117: 268–275.PubMedCrossRef Strosberg JR, Fine RL, Choi J et al. First-line chemotherapy with capecitabine and temozolomide in patients with metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinomas. Cancer 2011; 117: 268–275.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Litchy S, Greco FA. Phase II trial of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and etoposide in advanced poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma: a Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network Study. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 3548–3554.PubMedCrossRef Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Litchy S, Greco FA. Phase II trial of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and etoposide in advanced poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma: a Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network Study. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 3548–3554.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinmuller T, Kianmanesh R, Falconi M et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of patients with liver metastases from digestive (neuro)endocrine tumors: foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary. Neuroendocrinology 2008; 87: 47–62.PubMedCrossRef Steinmuller T, Kianmanesh R, Falconi M et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of patients with liver metastases from digestive (neuro)endocrine tumors: foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary. Neuroendocrinology 2008; 87: 47–62.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan JA, Kulke MH. Emerging therapies for the treatment of patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2007; 12: 253–270.PubMedCrossRef Chan JA, Kulke MH. Emerging therapies for the treatment of patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2007; 12: 253–270.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Strosberg JR, Kvols LK. A review of the current clinical trials for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16: 219–224.PubMedCrossRef Strosberg JR, Kvols LK. A review of the current clinical trials for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16: 219–224.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Yao JC, Hoff PM. Molecular targeted therapy for neuroendocrine tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2007; 21: 575–581; x.PubMedCrossRef Yao JC, Hoff PM. Molecular targeted therapy for neuroendocrine tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2007; 21: 575–581; x.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Contemporary Management of Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
verfasst von
Rebecca M. Minter
Diane M. Simeone
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2012
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery / Ausgabe 2/2012
Print ISSN: 1091-255X
Elektronische ISSN: 1873-4626
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-011-1693-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2012

Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

28.05.2024 Häusliche Gewalt Nachrichten

In der Notaufnahme wird die Chance, Opfer von häuslicher Gewalt zu identifizieren, von Orthopäden und Orthopädinnen offenbar zu wenig genutzt. Darauf deuten die Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenstudie an der Sahlgrenska-Universität in Schweden hin.

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

28.05.2024 Fehlerkultur Podcast

Darüber reden und aus Fehlern lernen, sollte das Motto in der Medizin lauten. Und zwar nicht nur im Sinne der Patientensicherheit. Eine negative Fehlerkultur kann auch die Behandelnden ernsthaft krank machen, warnt Prof. Dr. Reinhard Strametz. Ein Plädoyer und ein Leitfaden für den offenen Umgang mit kritischen Ereignissen in Medizin und Pflege.

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

21.05.2024 Allgemeine Chirurgie Nachrichten

Ein Frauenanteil von mindestens einem Drittel im ärztlichen Op.-Team war in einer großen retrospektiven Studie aus Kanada mit einer signifikanten Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität assoziiert.

TAVI versus Klappenchirurgie: Neue Vergleichsstudie sorgt für Erstaunen

21.05.2024 TAVI Nachrichten

Bei schwerer Aortenstenose und obstruktiver KHK empfehlen die Leitlinien derzeit eine chirurgische Kombi-Behandlung aus Klappenersatz plus Bypass-OP. Diese Empfehlung wird allerdings jetzt durch eine aktuelle Studie infrage gestellt – mit überraschender Deutlichkeit.

Update Chirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms“

Karpaltunnelsyndrom BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“

Radiusfraktur BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Webinar beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?

PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske
Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“

Appendizitis BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.