nach oben

Brain Structure and Function

Erschienen in:

01.09.2003 | Original Article

Developmental dynamics of the bronchial (airway) and air sac systems of the avian respiratory system from day 3 to day 26 of life: a scanning electron microscopic study of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus

verfasst von: J. N. Maina

Erschienen in: Brain Structure and Function | Ausgabe 2/2003

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The lung buds were first conspicuous on day 3 of embryogenesis. They fused on day 4 and the common growth divided into left and right primordial lungs on day 5. Progressively, the lungs elongated, diverged, and advanced towards the respective dorsolateral aspects of the body wall, reaching their definitive topographical locations in the coelomic cavity on day 6. On day 7, they rotated, attached onto the ribs, gradually started to slide into them, and were deeply inserted by day 8. The primary bronchus (PB) first appeared as a solid cord of epithelial cells (day 4) that successively canalized as it invaded the surrounding mesenchyme, extending along the proximal-distal axis of the lung. From day 8, the secondary bronchi (SB) begun to sprout from the PB in a craniocaudal sequence. On day 9, the parabronchi (PR) started to bud from the SB, projecting into the adjacent mesenchyme. They commenced to canalize on day 10 and greatly increased in length, number, and diameter. By day 13, the PR had anastomosed profusely and totally masked the SB. The luminal surface of the PR was lined by a columnar epithelium from which the atria (day 15), infundibulae (day 16), and air capillaries (ACs) (day 18) developed. At hatching (day 21), the ACs were well developed and had anastomosed profusely with the blood capillaries. Of the air sacs (ASs), the abdominal ones appeared earliest (day 5) followed by the cervical ones on day 6. In quick succession, the other ASs were well formed by day 10. After hatching, no further consequential structures formed: only shifts in topographical locations and an increase in size and number occurred. Morphogenetically, the avian respiratory system differs from the mammalian one in certain key aspects: besides the ASs that are unique to it, the lung is exceptionally complex in structure and is essentially mature at the end of the embryonic life.

Adamson IYR (1997) Development of the lung. In: Crystal RD, West JB, Weibel ER, Barnes PJ (eds) The lung: scientific foundations. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 993–1001

Banzett RB, Nations CS, Wang N, Fredberg JJ, Butler PJ (1991) Pressure profiles show features essential to aerodynamic valving in geese. Respir Physiol 84, 295–309

Bellairs R, Osmond M (1998) The atlas of chick development. Academic Press, London

Campana A (1875) Recherches d'anatomie, de physiologie et d'organogénie pour la détermination de la genèse de l'évolution des espèces animales. I. Mémoire: physiologie de la respiration chez les oiseaux, anatomie de l'appareil pneumatique-pulmonaire, des faux diaphragme, des séreuses et de l'intestin chez le poulet. Masson, Paris

Cardoso WV (2000) Lung morphogenesis revisited: old facts, current ideas. Dev Dyn 219, 121–130

Cardoso WV (2001) Molecular regulation of lung development. Annu Rev Physiol 63, 471–494

Coitier V (1573, cit by Campana 1875). Anatomia avium. In Externum et internarum praecipalium humani corporis partium tabulae arque anatomicae exercitationes. Nuremberg

Dassow C, Munro E (1999) Modularity in animal development and evolution: elements of a conceptual framework for EvoDevo. J exp Zool 285, 307–325

Deeming DC (1989) Characteristics of unturned eggs: critical period, retarded embryonic growth and poor albumen utilization. Br Poultry Sci 30, 239–249

Delphia JM (1958) The origin of the air sacs in the white pekin duck, Anas platyrhynchos L. Proc North Dakota Acad Sci 12, 86–92

Dotterweich H (1930) Versuch überden Weg der Atemluft in der Vogellunge. Zeitsch Vergl Physiol 11, 271–284

Dubach M (1981) Quantitative analysis of the respiratory system of the house sparrow, budgerigar, and violet-eared hummingbird. Respir Physiol 46, 43–60

Duncker H-R (1974) Structure of the avian respiratory tract. Respir Physiol 22, 1–34

Duncker H-R (1978a) General morphological principles of amniotic lungs. In: Piiper J (ed) Respiratory function in birds, adult and embryonic. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1–15

Duncker H-R (1978b) Development of the avian respiratory and circulatory systems. In: Piiper J (ed) Respiratory function in birds, adult and embryonic. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 260–273

Duncker HR, Guntert M (1985) The quantitative design of the avian respiratory system: from hummingbird to the mute swan. In: Nachtigall W (ed) BIONA report No. 3. Fischer, Stuttgart, pp 361–378

Farner DS (1970) Some glimpses of comparative avian physiology. Fed Proc 29, 1649–1663

Fedde MR (1980) The structure and gas flow pattern in the avian lung. Poult Sci 59, 2642–2653

Gallanger BC (1986) Branching morphogenesis in the avian lung: electron microscopic studies using cationic dyes. J Embryol Exp Morphol 94, 189–205

Gilbert SF, Opitz JM, Raff RA (1996) Resynthsizing evolutionary and developmental biology. Dev Biol 173, 357–372

Goldin GV, Opperman LA (1980) Induction of supernumerary tracheal buds and the stimulation of DNA synthesis in the embryonic chick lung and trachea by epidermal growth factor. J Embryol Exp Morphol 60, 235–243

Greenberg JM, Thompson FY, Brooks SK, Shannon JM, McCormick-Shannon K, Cameron JE, Mallory BP, Akeson AL (2002) Mesenchymal expression of vascular endothelial growth factors D and A defines vascular patterning in developing lung. Dev Dyn 22, 144–153

Hamburger V, Hamilton HL (1951) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J Morph 88, 49–92

Hislop AA (2002) Airway and blood vessel interaction during lung development. J Anat 201, 325–333

Hogan BLM (1999) Morphogenesis. Cell 96, 225–233

Horsfield K (1997) Pulmonary airways and blood vessels considered as confluent trees. In: Crystal RD, West JB, Weibel ER, Barnes PJ (eds) The lung: scientific foundations. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 1073–1079

Jones AW, Radnor CJP (1972a) The development of the chick tertiary bronchus. I. General development and the mode of production of the osmiophilic inclusion body. J Anat 113, 303–324

Jones AW, Radnor CJP (1972b) The development of the chick tertiary bronchus. II. The origin of the surface lining system. J Anat 113, 325–340

Juillet A (1912) Recherches anatomiques, embryologiques, histologiques et comparatives sur le poumon des oiseaux. Arch Zool Exp Gen IX, 207–371

King AS, McLelland J (eds) (1989) Form and function in birds, vol. 4. Academic Press, London

Larsell O (1914) The development of recurrent bronchi and of air sacs of the lung of the chick. Anat Anz 47, 1–49

Locy WA, Larsell O (1916a) The embryology of the bird's lung based on observations of the bronchial tree. Part I. Am J Anat 19, 447–504

Locy WA, Larsell O (1916b) The embryology of the bird's lung based on observations of the domestic fowl. Part II. Am J Anat 20, 1–44

Maina JN (1989) The morphometry of the avian lung. In: King AS, McLelland J (eds) Form and function in birds, vol.4. Academic Press, London, pp 307–368

Maina JN (1990) The morphology of the lung of the black mamba, Dendroapis polylepis (Reptilia: Ophidia: Elapidae): A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. J Anat 167, 31–46

Maina JN (1996) Principles of the structure and function of birds. In: Rosskopff E, Woepel P (eds) Petraks diseases of cage and aviary birds, vol. 2. Lea and Febiger, New York, pp 167–256

Maina JN (1998) The gas exchangers: structure, function, and evolution of the respiratory processes. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

Maina JN (2002a) Some recent advances of the study and understanding of the functional design of the avian lung: morphological and morphometric perspectives. Biol Rev 77, 97–152

Maina JN (2002b) Functional morphology of the vertebrate respiratory systems. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield (NH)

Maina JN (2002c) Fundamental structural aspects in the bioengineering of the gas exchangers: comparative perspectives". Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

Maina JN, Africa M (2000) Inspiratory aerodynamic valving in the avian lung: functional morphological study of the extrapulmonary primary bronchus. J exp Biol 203, 2865–2876

Maina JN, van Gils P (2001) Morphometric characterization of the airway and vascular systems of the lung of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa: comparison of the airway, arterial, and venous systems. Comp Biochem Physiol 130A, 781–798

Maina JN, King AS, Settle G (1989a) An allometric study of the pulmonary morphometric parameters in birds, with mammalian comparison. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 326B, 326:1–57

Maina JN, Maloiy GMO, Warui CN, Njogu EK, Kokwaro ED (1989b) A scanning electron microscopic study of the morphology of the reptilian lung: the savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) and the pancake tortoise (Malacochersus tornieri). Anat. Rec. 224, 514–522

Maina JN, Veltcamp CJ, Henry J (1999) A study of the spatial organization of the gas exchange components of a snake lung—the sandboa Eryx colubrinus (Reptilia: Ophidia; Corubridae) by latex casting. J Zool Lond 247, 81–90

New DAT (1966) The culture of avian embryos. Logos Press, London

Perry SF (1989) Mainstreams in the evolution of vertebrate respiratory structures. In: King AS, McLelland J (eds) Form and function in birds, vol. 4. Academic Press, London, pp 1–67

Petrik P (1967) The ultrastructure of the chicken lung in the final stages of embryonic development. Folia Morphol 15, 176–186

Petrik P, Riedel B (1968) A continuous osmiophilic noncellular membrane at the respiratory surface of the lungs of fetal chickens and of young chicks. Lab Invest 18, 54–62

Pough FH, Heiser JB, McFarland WN (1989) Vertebrate life, 3d ed. New York, Macmillan Publishing Company

Selenka E (1866) Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Luftsäcke des Huhnes. Z wiss Zool 16, 178–182

Seller TJ (ed) (1987) Bird respiration, vol I. CRC Press, Boca Raton (Florida)

Scheid P (1979) Mechanisms of gas exchange in bird lungs. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 86, 137–186

Shannon JM, Deterding RR (1997) Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in lung development. In: McDonald JA (ed) Lung growth and development. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 81–118

Ten Have-Opbroek AAW (1992) Lung development in the mouse embryo. Exp Lung Res 17, 111–130

Visschedijk AHJ (1968) The air space and embryonic respiration. I. The pattern of gaseous exchange in the fertile egg during the closing stages of incubation. Br Poultry Sci 9, 173–184

Vos HJ (1934) Über die wege der Atemluft in der Entenlunge. Zeisch Vergl Physiol 21, 552–578

Wang N, Banzett RB, Nations CS, Jenkins EA (1992) An aerodynamic valve in the avian primary bronchus. J exp Biol 262, 441–445

Weibel ER (1984) The pathways for oxygen. Harvard University Press, Harvard (MA)

Titel: Developmental dynamics of the bronchial (airway) and air sac systems of the avian respiratory system from day 3 to day 26 of life: a scanning electron microscopic study of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus
verfasst von: J. N. Maina
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2003
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: Brain Structure and Function / Ausgabe 2/2003
Print ISSN: 1863-2653
Elektronische ISSN: 1863-2661
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-003-0333-6

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Sozialer Aufstieg verringert Demenzgefahr

24.05.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Ein hohes soziales Niveau ist mit die beste Versicherung gegen eine Demenz. Noch geringer ist das Demenzrisiko für Menschen, die sozial aufsteigen: Sie gewinnen fast zwei demenzfreie Lebensjahre. Umgekehrt steigt die Demenzgefahr beim sozialen Abstieg.

Hirnblutung unter DOAK und VKA ähnlich bedrohlich

17.05.2024 Direkte orale Antikoagulanzien Nachrichten

Kommt es zu einer nichttraumatischen Hirnblutung, spielt es keine große Rolle, ob die Betroffenen zuvor direkt wirksame orale Antikoagulanzien oder Marcumar bekommen haben: Die Prognose ist ähnlich schlecht.

Was nützt die Kraniektomie bei schwerer tiefer Hirnblutung?

17.05.2024 Hirnblutung Nachrichten

Eine Studie zum Nutzen der druckentlastenden Kraniektomie nach schwerer tiefer supratentorieller Hirnblutung deutet einen Nutzen der Operation an. Für überlebende Patienten ist das dennoch nur eine bedingt gute Nachricht.

Thrombektomie auch bei großen Infarkten von Vorteil

16.05.2024 Ischämischer Schlaganfall Nachrichten

Auch ein sehr ausgedehnter ischämischer Schlaganfall scheint an sich kein Grund zu sein, von einer mechanischen Thrombektomie abzusehen. Dafür spricht die LASTE-Studie, an der Patienten und Patientinnen mit einem ASPECTS von maximal 5 beteiligt waren.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2003

The striated urethral sphincter in female rats

Expression and function of bone morphogenetic proteins in the development of the embryonic endocardial cushions

Preferential expression of the G90 gene in post-mitotic cells during mouse embryonic development

The meningeal sheath of the regenerating spinal cord of the eel, Anguilla

Midbrain connections of the olivary pretectal nucleus in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): implications for the pupil light reflex pathway