Introduction
Methods
Results
Cohort | Country | Baseline study (years) | Follow-up (years) | No. participants (% women) | Mean age (years) | No. with diabetes (% women) | Type of diabetes | Ascertainment of diabetes | No. with outcome (% women) | I or M | Maximum adjustment available |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ragozzino et al [21] | USA | 1945–1969 | 8.6 | 1135 (NR) | NR | 1135 (NR) | Both | Measured | 120 (47) | I | Age |
Sasazuki et al [22] | Japan (8 cohorts) | 1984–1994 | 9.9 | 339,459 (54) | 35–103 | NR | Both | Self-reported | 33,022 (40) | I | Age, area, Hx of cerebrovascular disease, CHD, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, physical exercise, green leafy vegetable consumption, coffee intake |
Gini et al [23] | Italy | 2002–2009 | 3.7 | 32,247 (45) | 65 | 32,247 (45) | T2 | Hospital discharge diagnosis, exemption from medical charges, prescription | 2069 (37) | I | Age, year at cancer diagnosis |
Berger et al [24] | Denmark | 1996–2011 | 12.6 | 4,826,142 (50) | 41.4 | 65,690 (47) | Both | Discharge diagnosis, claimed prescription | 423,942 (51) | I | Age |
Carstensen et al [25] | Australia, Denmark, Finland, Scotland, Sweden | 1987–2000 | 8–38 | NR 3,932,900 person-years (50) | NR | NR | T1 | Diabetes registry, impatient dataset | 9149 (56) | I | Age, date of follow-up, date of birth |
Diabetes II-to-Cancer [26] | Germany | 2003 | 3.3 | 26,742 (53) | 64 | 26,742 (53) | T2 | Physician’s diagnosis | 1364 (44) | I | Age |
VHM&PP Study Cohort [27] | Austria | 1988–2001 | 8.4 | 140,813 (55) | 43 | 4758 (48) | Both | Measured | 5212 (46) | I | Age (stratified), smoking, occupation, BMI |
Jee et al [28] | Korea | 1992–1995 | 10 | 1,298,385 (36) | 46.9 | 62,924 (33) | Both | Self-reported, measured | I: 53,833 (30) M: 26,473 (22) | I, M | Age, smoking, alcohol use |
Wang et al [29] | China | 2007–2013 | 6 | 327,268 (50) | 59.8 | 327,268 (50) | T2 | Diabetes registry | 7435 (45) | I | Age, urbanisation level |
Hsu et al [30] | Taiwan | 2000–2007 | 5.9 | 14,619 (53) | 50.2 | 14,619 (53) | T1 | National health insurance research database | 760 (44) | I | Age, calendar year |
Adami et al [31] | Sweden | 1965–1983 | 5.2 | 51,008 (55) | NR | 51,008 (55) | Both | Hospital discharge diagnosis | 2417 (54) | I | Age |
Dankner et al [32] | Israel | 2002 | 11 | 2,186,196 (53) | 21–89 | 159,104 (53) | Both | Diabetes registry | 128,720 (50) | I | Age, ethnic origin, socioeconomic status |
NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study [33] | USA | 1995–1996 | 11 | 494,867 (40) | 62.5 | 44,726 (33) | Both | Self-reported | 82,251 (32) | I | Age, BMI, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, family Hx of cancer, self-reported health status, intake of red meat, white meat, fruits, vegetables, alcohol, and coffee, physical activity, smoking, multivitamin use |
Xu et al [34] | China | 2004 | 3.7 | 36,379 (56) | 59 | 36,379 (56) | T2 | Diabetes registry | 1205 (53) | I | Age |
DRT [35] | Austria | 2005 | 8.7 | 5709 (47) | 57.4 | 5709 (47) | T2 | Diabetes registry | 525 (45) | I | Age, period in 5 year period groups |
NDSS (T2DM) [36] | Australia | 1997 | 5.8 | 872,706 (47) | 60.4 | 872,706 (47) | T2 | Diabetes registry | I: 70,406 (38) M: 26,333 (37) | I, M | Age, calendar year |
NDSS (T1DM) [36] | Australia | 1997 | 12 | 80,676 (48) | 27.4 | 80,676 (48) | T1 | Diabetes registry | I: 2079 (50) M: 593 (46) | I, M | Age, calendar year |
Walker et al [37] | UK | 2001–2007 | 7 | 80,838 (45) | 55–79 | 80,838 (45) | T2 | Diabetes registry | 4285 (43) | I | Age, socioeconomic status |
MHS registry [38] | Israel | 2000 | 8 | 100,595 (53) | 61.6 | 16,721 (47) | Both | Healthcare service database | 8977 (43) | I | Age, region, socioeconomic status, use of healthcare services a year prior to index date, BMI, Hx of CVD |
CLUE II [39] | USA | 1989 | 17 | 18,280 (57) | 51.8 | 599 (56) | Both | Self-reported | I: 2481 (52), M: 907 (50) | I, M | Age, education, BMI, smoking, HT treatment, high cholesterol treatment, menopausal status (for women), Hx of use of oral contraceptives (for women), Hx of use of hormone replacement therapy (for women) |
Zhang et al [40] | China | 2002–2008 | 6 | 7950 (52) | 61.1 | 7950 (52) | T2 | Diabetes registry | 366 (47) | I | Age |
Västerbotten Intervention Project [41] | Sweden | 2003 | 8.3a | 68,301 (51) | 46.1a | NRb | Both | Measured | 2669 (53) | I | Age, year of recruitment, smoking |
ARIC [42] | USA | 1990–1992 | 15 | 12,792 (55) | 56.9 | 1125 (56) | Both | Self-reported, prescription | I: 2657 (45) M: 887 (42) | I, M | Age, race/ethnicity, ARIC study site, education, smoking status, cigarette-years smoked, BMI, waist circumference, postmenopausal hormone use (for women) |
Wideroff et al [43] | Denmark | 1977–1989 | 5.7 | 109,581 (50) | Ma: 64 F: 69 | 109,581 (50) | Both | Hospital discharge diagnosis | 8831 (47) | I | Age, calendar year |
APCSC (Asia) [18] | Asia (26 cohorts)c | 1961–1993 | 7 | 89,468 (46) | 45 | 4621 (45) | Both | Self-reported, measured | 1800 (33) | M | Age, BMI, education, alcohol, smoking |
APCSC (Australia and New Zealand) [18] | Australia, New Zealand (9 cohorts) | 1989–1996 | 7 | 82,913 (52) | 51 | 3365 (44) | Both | Self-reported, measured | 2563 (41) | M | Age, BMI, education, alcohol, smoking |
Singapore Chinese Health Study [44] | Singapore | 1999 | 10.1 | 7388 (52) | 62 | 510 (47) | T2 | Measured | 388 (NR) | M | Age, dialect, interview year, education, smoking, alcohol, BMI |
Poole Diabetes Study [45] | UK | 1996–1998 | 5.25 | 736 (NR) | Ma: 62.9 F: 65.9 | 368 (NR) | T2 | Diabetes registry | 45 (58) | M | Age (matched) |
DERI Mortality Study [46] | Japan | 1965–1979 | 24.4 | 1385 (60) | 8.8 | 1385 (60) | T1 | Diabetes registry | 2 (50) | M | Age |
Diabetes UK cohort study [47] | UK | 1972–1993 | 28 | T1:23,326 (NR) T2: 5040 (NR) | NR | 23,326 (NR) | T1:23,326 (NR) T2: 5040 (NR) | Diabetes registry | T1: 89 (48), T2 185 (32) | M | Age, calendar year, countryd |
JPHC [48] | Japan | 1990, 1993 | 17.8 | 99,584 (54) | 50.2 | 4286 (36) | Both | Self-reported | 5288 (36) | M | Age, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking, Hx of hypertension, physical activity, area (stratified) |
Fresco study [49] | Spain (pool of 12 cohorts) | 1991 | 10 | 55,283 (54) | 56 | 8627 (47) | Both | Self-reported, measured | 850 (36) | M | Age, smoking, BMI, SBP, TC, HDLC |
NHIS-NSC [50] | Korea | 2002–2003 | 9.7 | 29,807 (48) | NR | 29,807 (48) | T2 | National health insurance database | 1759 (33) | M | Age |
DECODE study [51] | Denmark, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, UK (17 cohorts) | 1966–2004 | 15.8 | 44,655 (41) | 53.4 | 3759 (48) | Both | Measured, self-reported | 3235 (27) | M | Age, cohort, BMI, total cholesterol, BP, smoking |
Tseng [52] | Taiwan | 1995–1998 | 4.4 | 256,036 (54) | 61.2 | 256,036 (54) | Both | National health insurance database | 8098 (41) | M | Age |
Piemonte Diabetes Register, Turin Population Register [53] | Italy | 1991–1999 | 7.7 | 906,065 (NR) | 20- | T1: 1608 (NR) T2 29,656 (NR) | Both | Diabetes registry | 26,251 (44) | M | Age, area of birth |
Hisayama [54] | Japan | 1988 | 16.9 | 2438 (57) | 57.6 | 298 (45) | Both | Measured, self-reported | 229 (37) | M | Age, BMI, total cholesterol, smoking, alcohol, family Hx of cancer, physical activity, dietary factors (daily intakes of total energy, total fat, salt, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, dietary fibre) |
Forssas et al [55] | Finland | 2003 | 5 | 5,147,349 in 1997, 5,300,484 in 2007 | 1–79 | 171,596 (54) in 1997 284,832 (49) in 2007 | Both | Diabetes registry | 54,461 (48) | M | Agee |
Fedeli et al [56] | Italy | 2008 | 3 | 167,621 (45) | 30–89 | 167,621 (45) | Both | Archives from subjects exempt from medical charges | 5110 (35) | M | Age |
HSE, SHeS [57] | UK | 1994, 1995 | 17, 16 | 204,533 (55) | 47 | 7199 (48) | Both | Self-reported, prescription | 5571 (NR) | M | Age, smoking, BMI |
Shen et al [58] | China | 1998–2001 | 10.9 | 66,813 (66) | 65- | 9225 (66) | Both | Self-reported | 6336 (55) | M | Age, alcohol use, smoking, exercise, housing and monthly expenditure, BMI |
Weiderpass et al [59] | Sweden | 1965–1983 | 6.7 | 144,427 (NR) | Ma: 61.3 F: 65.8 | 144,427 (NR) | Both | Hospital discharge diagnosis | 9661 (49) | M | Age, calendar year, comorbidity |
CPS II [60] | USA | 1982 | 26 | 1,053,831 (56) | NR | 52,655 (50) | Both | Self-reported | 120,221 (46) | M | Age, education, BMI, smoking, alcohol, vegetable intake, red meat intake, physical activity, aspirin use |
Verona Diabetes Study [61] | Italy | 1987 | 10 | 7148 (53) | 67 | 7148 (53) | Both | Medical records, drug prescription database | 641 (41) | M | Age |
Sievers et al [62] | USA | 1975 | 10 | 5131 (52) | 15- | 1266 (58) | T2 | Measured | 40 (50) | M | Age |
2001 ENTRED study [63] | France | 2001 | 5 | 9101 (NR) | 66 | 9101 (NR) | Both | Self-reported | 380 (NR) | M | Age |
Allegheny County Type 1 Diabetes Registry [64] | USA | 1965–1979 | 32.9 | 1075 (47) | 10.9 | 1075 (47) | T1 | Medical records | 10 (NR) | M | Age, race |
BRFSS [65] | USA | 1992 | 5 | 9074 (NR) | 18- | 392 (NR) | Both | Self-reported | NR | M | Age |
Wong et al [66] | UK | 1985 | 5 | 4186 (49) | 15- | 4186 (49) | Both | Diabetes registry | 131 (48) | M | Age |
Bruno et al [67] | Italy | 1988 | 5.7 | 1967 (57) | 66.5 | 1967 (57) | T2 | Medical record, prescription, sale records of reagent strips and syringes | 107 (51) | M | Age, calendar period |
Shaw et al [68] | Mauritius, Fiji, Nauru | 1980, 1982, 1987 | 5 | 9179 (NR) | 40.7 | 595 (53) | Both | Self-reported | 97 (57) | M | Age, ethnicity, smokingf |
Moss et al [69] | USA | 1980 | 8.5 | 1772 (NR) | 66.7 | 1772 (NR) | Both | Medical records | 85 (55) | M | Age |
Takayama study [70] | Japan | 1992 | 6.9 | 29,079 (54) | 54.6 | 1217 (35) | Both | Self-reported | 653 (39) | M | Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, years of education, Hx of HT, intake of total energy, vegetables, fat and alcohol |
Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry [71] | USA | 1967–1973 | 12 | 20,755 (42) | 35–64 | 643 (34) | Both | Self-reported | 513 (38) | M | Age, BMI, smoking, SBP, serum cholesterol, education, treatment for HT |