Introduction
Method
Study population
Fatty acid profile
Glucose levels
Other measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
LA | ALA | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (n 166) |
Q2 (n 167) |
Q3 (n 167) |
Q4 (n 167) |
p
|
Q1 (n 166) |
Q2 (n 167) |
Q3 (n 167) |
Q4 (n 167) |
p
| |||||||||
Range (% of total FA) | ≤24.43 | >24.43–26.96 | >26.96–29.61 | >29.61 | ≤0.43 | >0.43–0.51 | >0.51–0.60 | >0.60 | ||||||||||
Characteristics | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Age (years) | 67.9 | 7.6 | 69.2 | 7.0 | 69.4 | 6.8 | 68.5 | 6.1 | 0.35 | 68.6 | 7.4 | 69.3 | 6.5 | 69.3 | 6.5 | 67.7 | 7.2 | <.01* |
Men (%) | 51 | 41 | 46 | 57 | 0.06 | 43 | 48 | 49 | 56 | <.01* | ||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 | 4.1 | 28.1 | 4.9 | 27.0 | 3.6 | 26.4 | 3.8 | <.001* | 28.1 | 4.4 | 27.6 | 4.6 | 26.9 | 3.5 | 27.7 | 4.2 | 0.59 |
Waist–hip ratio | 0.96 | 0.08 | 0.92 | 0.09 | 0.92 | 0.12 | 0.92 | 0.09 | <.001* | 0.93 | 0.08 | 0.93 | 0.12 | 0.92 | 0.09 | 0.94 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
Physical activity (min/w) | 1271 | 927 | 1311 | 1062 | 1536 | 1153 | 1528 | 1004 | <.01* | 1343 | 974 | 1316 | 988 | 1342 | 956 | 1646 | 1215 | 0.02* |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.05 | 1.21 | 1.48 | 0.66 | 1.31 | 0.48 | 1.25 | 0.57 | <.001* | 1.29 | 0.62 | 1.44 | 0.72 | 1.49 | 0.80 | 1.86 | 1.05 | <.001* |
Systolic BP (mmHG) | 141 | 18 | 143 | 20 | 141 | 21 | 140 | 22 | 0.45 | 143 | 20 | 140 | 21 | 140 | 20 | 142 | 21 | 0.32 |
Diastolic BP (mmHG) | 85 | 11 | 83 | 12 | 82 | 11 | 82 | 10 | 0.03* | 84 | 11 | 83 | 11 | 82 | 11 | 83 | 11 | 0.28 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.65 | 1.07 | 5.64 | 1.00 | 5.74 | 1.08 | 5.73 | 1.03 | 0.77 | 5.61 | 1.08 | 5.79 | 1.07 | 5.65 | 1.01 | 5.70 | 1.01 | 0.41 |
LDL-c (mmol/L) | 3.41 | 0.91 | 3.56 | 0.84 | 3.70 | 1.00 | 3.71 | 0.94 | <.01* | 3.56 | 1.00 | 3.69 | 0.93 | 3.58 | 0.88 | 3.56 | 0.91 | 0.58 |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.32 | 0.40 | 1.40 | 0.39 | 1.46 | 0.40 | 1.45 | 0.44 | <.01* | 1.47 | 0.41 | 1.46 | 0.42 | 1.40 | 0.41 | 1.31 | 0.40 | <.001* |
Statins (%) | 23 | 20 | 14 | 7 | <.001* | 22 | 13 | 16 | 14 | 0.49 | ||||||||
Total energy intake (kcal) | 2013 | 617 | 1928 | 545 | 1987 | 832 | 1945 | 571 | 0.61 | 1874 | 953 | 2004 | 659 | 1936 | 578 | 1996 | 502 | 0.06 |
Dietary LA (E %) | 4.68 | 1.68 | 5.17 | 1.67 | 5.55 | 1.58 | 6.10 | 1.82 | <.001* | 5.15 | 1.88 | 5.45 | 1.81 | 5.35 | 1.65 | 5.55 | 1.71 | 0.07 |
Dietary ALA (E %) | 0.42 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 0.16 | <.01* | 0.42 | 0.15 | 0.42 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 0.17 | <.001* |
Dietary SFA (E %) | 15.65 | 3.47 | 15.24 | 3.20 | 14.64 | 2.73 | 14.71 | 2.72 | <.01* | 15.04 | 3.19 | 14.94 | 3.32 | 15.04 | 3.00 | 15.21 | 2.76 | 0.55 |
Fiber (g/d) | 20.8 | 6.2 | 21.7 | 5.9 | 22.9 | 6.1 | 23.7 | 6.7 | <.001* | 21.0 | 5.8 | 22.5 | 6.2 | 22.5 | 6.6 | 23.0 | 6.4 | <.05* |
Alcohol (E %) | 6.49 | 7.68 | 4.05 | 4.82 | 2.89 | 4.19 | 3.59 | 4.21 | <.001* | 5.17 | 6.26 | 3.90 | 5.48 | 3.91 | 4.85 | 4.03 | 5.55 | 0.92 |
Prevalent CVD (%) | 59 | 54 | 50 | 47 | 0.01* | 51 | 58 | 55 | 47 | 0.26 | ||||||||
Family history T2DM (%) | 21 | 28 | 23 | 25 | 0.64 | 22 | 28 | 31 | 17 | 0.05 | ||||||||
IFG/IGT (%) | 33 | 25 | 27 | 23 | <.001* | 28 | 27 | 25 | 28 | 0.23 | ||||||||
Newly diagnosed T2DM (%) | 41 | 28 | 26 | 27 | <.001* | 40 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 0.08 |
Cross-sectional analyses
FPG mmol/L (n = 667) | PLG mmol/L (n = 537) | HbA1c (%) (n = 664) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B [95 % CI] |
B [95 % CI] |
B [95 % CI] | ||||
LA (%) | ||||||
Model I | −0.054 [−0.077, −0.031]* | −0.130 [−0.186, −0.074]* | −0.006 [−0.019, 0.006] | |||
Model II | −0.027 [−0.050, −0.004]* | −0.091 [−0.148, −0.034]* | 0.004 [−0.009, 0.017] | |||
Model III | −0.024 [−0.045, −0.002]* | −0.099 [−0.158, −0.039]* | 0.000 [−0.014, 0.013] | |||
+ Cholesterol and statinsa
| −0.021 [−0.044, 0.001] | −0.096 [−0.156, −0.035]* | 0.003 [−0.011, 0.017] | |||
+ Triglyceridesb
| −0.004 [−0.027, 0.019] | −0.054 [−0.117, 0.009] | 0.012 [−0.003, 0.026] | |||
ALA (%) | ||||||
Model I | −0.534 [−1.111, 0.043] | −1.192 [−2.680, 0.296] | −0.076 [−0.395, 0.244] | |||
Model II | −0.508 [−1.056, 0.041] | −1.291 [−2.737, 0.154] | −0.088 [−0.404, 0.228] | |||
Model III | −0.292 [−0.794, 0.210] | −0.978 [−2.439, 0.482] | −0.057 [−0.372, 0.258] | |||
+ Cholesterol and statinsa
| −0.256 [−0.759, 0.247] | −0.894 [−2.366, 0.578] | −0.046 [−0.361, 0.268] | |||
+ Triglyceridesb
| −0.810 [−1.333, −0.288]* | −2.335 [−3.837, −0.834]* | −0.319 [−0.650, 0.012] |
Prospective analyses
FPG mmol/L (n = 257) | PLG mmol/L (n = 253) | HbA1c (%) (n = 257) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B [95 % CI] |
B [95 % CI] |
B [95 % CI] | ||||
LA (%) | ||||||
Model I | −0.025 [−0.050, 0.000] | −0.112 [−0.187, −0.037]* | −0.012 [−0.025, 0.001] | |||
Model II | −0.005 [−0.025, 0.016] | −0.054 [−0.123, 0.015] | −0.010 [−0.021, 0.001] | |||
Model III | 0.003 [−0.019, 0.025] | −0.026 [−0.100, 0.049] | −0.007 [−0.019, 0.005] | |||
+ Cholesterol and statinsa
| 0.004 [−0.019, 0.026] | −0.045 [−0.124, 0.033] | −0.002 [−0.015, 0.010] | |||
+ Triglycerideb
| 0.004 [−0.019, 0.026] | −0.045 [−0.124, 0.033] | −0.002 [−0.015, 0.010] | |||
ALA (%) | ||||||
Model I | −0.009 [−0.601, 0.584] | −1.616 [−3.426, 0.195] | 0.043 [−0.260, 0.346] | |||
Model II | 0.107 [−0.371, 0.585] | −1.240 [−2.853, 0.372] | 0.065 [−0.198, 0.327] | |||
Model III | 0.107 [−0.374, 0.588] | −1.098 [−2.716, 0.521] | 0.072 [−0.191, 0.336] | |||
+ Cholesterol and statinsa
| 0.114 [−0.375, 0.603] | −1.044 [−2.765, 0.677] | 0.128 [−0.152, 0.408] | |||
+ Triglyceridesb
| 0.114 [−0.375, 0.603] | −1.044 [−2.765, 0.677] | 0.128 [−0.152, 0.408] |