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Erschienen in: Der Schmerz 5/2005

01.09.2005 | Schwerpunkt: Opioide

Opioidvermittelte Analgesie und Hyperalgesie

Dr. Jekyll und Mr. Hyde der Schmerztherapie

verfasst von: PD Dr. W. Koppert

Erschienen in: Der Schmerz | Ausgabe 5/2005

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Zusammenfassung

Opioide sind Mittel der ersten Wahl in der Therapie mittelschwerer bis starker akuter und chronischer Schmerzzustände. Allerdings können Opioide auch zu einer Schmerzverstärkung führen, welche auf einer Aktivierung pronozizeptiver Systeme beruht.
Neben einer akuten Rezeptordesensibilisierung und einer Hochregulation der Adenylylzyklaseaktivität sind insbesondere die Aktivierung des N-Methyl-D-Aspartat- (NMDA-)Rezeptorsystems und die deszendierende Fazilitierung den antinozizeptiven Eigenschaften des Opioids entgegengerichtet. So können schon nach kurzzeitiger Anwendung Sensibilisierungsprozesse induziert werden, die einen Teil der analgetischen Wirkung des Opioids maskieren und noch viele Tage nach dem Absetzen nachweisbar sein können.
Die Toleranzentwicklung muss als Ungleichgewicht pronozizeptiver und antinozizeptiver Systeme gedeutet werden. Nach länger dauernder Anwendung von μ-Agonisten wurden neben einem ansteigenden Bedarf an Schmerzmitteln paradoxe Schmerzzustände beobachtet. Durch eine Kombination der Opioide mit Substanzen anderer Klassen wie NMDA-Rezeptor-Antagonisten, α2-Agonisten oder nicht steroidalen antiinflammatorischen Analgetika (NSAID), durch Opioidrotationen oder Kombinationen von Opioiden mit unterschiedlicher Rezeptorselektivität können diese Sensibilisierungsprozesse unterdrückt und die Schmerztherapie optimiert werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Opioidvermittelte Analgesie und Hyperalgesie
Dr. Jekyll und Mr. Hyde der Schmerztherapie
verfasst von
PD Dr. W. Koppert
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2005
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Der Schmerz / Ausgabe 5/2005
Print ISSN: 0932-433X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2129
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-005-0424-9

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