Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology 3/2012

01.09.2012 | Original Article

Thyroid Incidentaloma

verfasst von: Seema Singh, Anutosh Singh, A. K. Khanna

Erschienen in: Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology | Ausgabe 3/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Because of emerging investigation modalities many of the thyroid lesions are picked up and that poses a big dilemma about management of such lesions. Majority of these lesions especially in iodine-deficient regions, are not significant and may be only followed up without any active treatment but, sometimes the small lesions may be microcarcinoma. This article discusses about the reliability of clinical examination of neck for detection of such lesions, the controversy of such lesion being benign or malignant, and how to evaluate these lesions and the recommendation as per American Thyroid Association guidelines.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Brander A, Viikinkoski P, Tuuhea J, Voutilainen L, Kivisaari L (1992) Clinical versus ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland in common clinical practice. J Clin Ultrasound 20:37–42PubMedCrossRef Brander A, Viikinkoski P, Tuuhea J, Voutilainen L, Kivisaari L (1992) Clinical versus ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland in common clinical practice. J Clin Ultrasound 20:37–42PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Thyroid Incidentaloma. Hot Thyroidology. http//duncan.topliss@med.monash.edu.au Thyroid Incidentaloma. Hot Thyroidology. http//duncan.topliss@med.monash.edu.au
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Boehm T, Rothouse L, Wartofsky L (1976) Metastatic occult follicular thyroid carcinoma. JAMA 235:2420–2421PubMedCrossRef Boehm T, Rothouse L, Wartofsky L (1976) Metastatic occult follicular thyroid carcinoma. JAMA 235:2420–2421PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Vander JB, Gaston EA, Dawber TR (1968) The significance of non-toxic thyroid nodules. Final report of a 15-year study of the incidence of thyroid malignancy. Ann Int Med 69:537–540PubMed Vander JB, Gaston EA, Dawber TR (1968) The significance of non-toxic thyroid nodules. Final report of a 15-year study of the incidence of thyroid malignancy. Ann Int Med 69:537–540PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA et al (1992) Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules; relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity. Am J Med 93:363–369PubMedCrossRef Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA et al (1992) Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules; relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity. Am J Med 93:363–369PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Rojeski MT, Gharib H (1985) Nodular thyroid disease. Evaluation and management. N Engl J Med 313:428–436PubMedCrossRef Rojeski MT, Gharib H (1985) Nodular thyroid disease. Evaluation and management. N Engl J Med 313:428–436PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Sampson RJ, Woolner LB, Bahn RC, Kurland LT (1974) Occult thyroid carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: prevalence at autopsy compared with that in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Cancer 34:2072–2076PubMedCrossRef Sampson RJ, Woolner LB, Bahn RC, Kurland LT (1974) Occult thyroid carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: prevalence at autopsy compared with that in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Cancer 34:2072–2076PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bondeson L, Ljungberg O (1981) Occult thyroid carcinoma at autopsy in Malmo, Sweden. Cancer 47:319–323PubMedCrossRef Bondeson L, Ljungberg O (1981) Occult thyroid carcinoma at autopsy in Malmo, Sweden. Cancer 47:319–323PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Fukunaga FH, Yatani R (1975) Geographic pathology of occult thyroid carcinomas. Cancer 36:1095–1099PubMedCrossRef Fukunaga FH, Yatani R (1975) Geographic pathology of occult thyroid carcinomas. Cancer 36:1095–1099PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanson GA, Komorowski RA, Cerletty JM, Wilson SD (1983) Thyroid gland morphology in young adults: normal subjects versus those with prior low-dose neck irradiation in childhood. Surgery 94:984–988PubMed Hanson GA, Komorowski RA, Cerletty JM, Wilson SD (1983) Thyroid gland morphology in young adults: normal subjects versus those with prior low-dose neck irradiation in childhood. Surgery 94:984–988PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Wagner DH, Recant WM, Evans RH (1978) A review of one hundred and fifty thyroidectomies following prior irradiation to the head, neck and upper part of the chest. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147:903–908PubMed Wagner DH, Recant WM, Evans RH (1978) A review of one hundred and fifty thyroidectomies following prior irradiation to the head, neck and upper part of the chest. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147:903–908PubMed
13.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS (2005) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 2104–2127 Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS (2005) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 2104–2127
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan GH, Gharib H, Reading CC (1995) Solitary thyroid nodule. Comparison between palpation and ultrasonography. Arch Intern Med 155:2418–2423PubMedCrossRef Tan GH, Gharib H, Reading CC (1995) Solitary thyroid nodule. Comparison between palpation and ultrasonography. Arch Intern Med 155:2418–2423PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen SB, Tibblin S (1985) The reliability of the clinical examination of the thyroid gland. A prospective study of 100 consecutive patients surgically treated for hyperparathyroidism. Ann Chir Gynaecol 74:151–154PubMed Christensen SB, Tibblin S (1985) The reliability of the clinical examination of the thyroid gland. A prospective study of 100 consecutive patients surgically treated for hyperparathyroidism. Ann Chir Gynaecol 74:151–154PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat McHenry C, Smith M, Lawrence AM, Jarosz H, Paloyan E (1988) Nodular thyroid disease in children and adolescents: a high incidence of carcinoma. Am Surg 54:444–447PubMed McHenry C, Smith M, Lawrence AM, Jarosz H, Paloyan E (1988) Nodular thyroid disease in children and adolescents: a high incidence of carcinoma. Am Surg 54:444–447PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Psarras A, Papadopoulos SN, Livadas D, Pharmakiotis AD, Koutras DA (1972) The single thyroid nodule. Br J Surg 59:545–548PubMedCrossRef Psarras A, Papadopoulos SN, Livadas D, Pharmakiotis AD, Koutras DA (1972) The single thyroid nodule. Br J Surg 59:545–548PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, Padova G, Sava L, Ippolito O, Vigneri R (1987) The frequency of cold thyroid nodules and thyroid malignancies in patients from an iodine-deficient area. Cancer 60:3096–3102PubMedCrossRef Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, Padova G, Sava L, Ippolito O, Vigneri R (1987) The frequency of cold thyroid nodules and thyroid malignancies in patients from an iodine-deficient area. Cancer 60:3096–3102PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamming JF, Goslings BM, van Steenis GJ, van Ravenswaay CH, Hermans J, van de Velde CJH (1990) The value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in patients with nodular thyroid disease divided into groups of suspicion of malignant neoplasms on clinical grounds. Arch Intern Med 150:113–116PubMedCrossRef Hamming JF, Goslings BM, van Steenis GJ, van Ravenswaay CH, Hermans J, van de Velde CJH (1990) The value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in patients with nodular thyroid disease divided into groups of suspicion of malignant neoplasms on clinical grounds. Arch Intern Med 150:113–116PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Mortensen JD, Woolner LB, Bennett WA (1955) Gross and microscopic findings in clinically normal thyroid glands. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 15:1270–1280PubMedCrossRef Mortensen JD, Woolner LB, Bennett WA (1955) Gross and microscopic findings in clinically normal thyroid glands. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 15:1270–1280PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Komorowski RA, Hanson GA (1988) Occult thyroid pathology in the young adult: an autopsy study of 138 patients without clinical thyroid disease. Hum Pathol 19:689–696PubMedCrossRef Komorowski RA, Hanson GA (1988) Occult thyroid pathology in the young adult: an autopsy study of 138 patients without clinical thyroid disease. Hum Pathol 19:689–696PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Horlocker TT, Hay JE, James EM, Reading CC, Charboneau JW (1985) Prevalence of incidental nodular thyroid disease detected during high-resolution parathyroid ultrasonography. In: Medeiros-Neto G, Gaitan E (eds) Frontiers in thyroidology. Plenum Medical, New York, pp 1309–1312 Horlocker TT, Hay JE, James EM, Reading CC, Charboneau JW (1985) Prevalence of incidental nodular thyroid disease detected during high-resolution parathyroid ultrasonography. In: Medeiros-Neto G, Gaitan E (eds) Frontiers in thyroidology. Plenum Medical, New York, pp 1309–1312
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Brander A, Viikinkoski P, Nickels J, Kivisaari L (1991) Thyroid gland: US screening in a random adult population. Radiology 181:683–687PubMed Brander A, Viikinkoski P, Nickels J, Kivisaari L (1991) Thyroid gland: US screening in a random adult population. Radiology 181:683–687PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Pacini F, Vorontsova T, Demidchik E, Molinaro E, Agate L, Romei C, Shavrova E, Cherstvoy ED, Ivashkevitch Y, Kuchinskaya E, Schlumberger M, Ronga G, Filesi M, Pinchera A (1997) Post-Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma in Belarus children and adolescents: comparison with naturally occurring thyroid carcinoma in Italy and France. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3563–3569CrossRef Pacini F, Vorontsova T, Demidchik E, Molinaro E, Agate L, Romei C, Shavrova E, Cherstvoy ED, Ivashkevitch Y, Kuchinskaya E, Schlumberger M, Ronga G, Filesi M, Pinchera A (1997) Post-Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma in Belarus children and adolescents: comparison with naturally occurring thyroid carcinoma in Italy and France. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3563–3569CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Boelaert K, Horacek J, Holder RL, Watkinson JC, Sheppard MC, Franklyn JA (2006) Serum thyrotropin concentration as a novel predictor of malignancy in thyroid nodules investigated by fine-needle aspiration. J Clin End Metab 91:4295–4301CrossRef Boelaert K, Horacek J, Holder RL, Watkinson JC, Sheppard MC, Franklyn JA (2006) Serum thyrotropin concentration as a novel predictor of malignancy in thyroid nodules investigated by fine-needle aspiration. J Clin End Metab 91:4295–4301CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Pacini F, Pinchera A, Giani C, Grasso L, Baschieri L (1980) Serum thyroglobulin in thyroid carcinoma and other thyroid disorders. Clin Endocrinol 13:107–110CrossRef Pacini F, Pinchera A, Giani C, Grasso L, Baschieri L (1980) Serum thyroglobulin in thyroid carcinoma and other thyroid disorders. Clin Endocrinol 13:107–110CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Costante G, Meringolo D, Durante C, Bianchi D, Nocera M, Tumino S, Crocetti U, Attard M, Maranghi M, Torlontano M, Filetti S (2007) Predictive value of serum calcitonin levels for preoperative diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in a cohort of 5817 consecutive patients with thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:450–455PubMedCrossRef Costante G, Meringolo D, Durante C, Bianchi D, Nocera M, Tumino S, Crocetti U, Attard M, Maranghi M, Torlontano M, Filetti S (2007) Predictive value of serum calcitonin levels for preoperative diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in a cohort of 5817 consecutive patients with thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:450–455PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheung K, Roman SA, Wang TS, Walker HD, Sosa JA (2008) Calcitonin measurement in the evaluation of thyroid nodules in the United States: a cost-effectiveness and decision analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2173–2180PubMedCrossRef Cheung K, Roman SA, Wang TS, Walker HD, Sosa JA (2008) Calcitonin measurement in the evaluation of thyroid nodules in the United States: a cost-effectiveness and decision analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2173–2180PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Gagel RF, Hoff AO, Cote GJ (2005) Medullary thyroid carcinoma. In Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 967–988 Gagel RF, Hoff AO, Cote GJ (2005) Medullary thyroid carcinoma. In Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 967–988
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Danese D, Sciacchitano S, Farsetti A, Andreoli M, Pontecorvi A (1998) Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 8:15–21PubMedCrossRef Danese D, Sciacchitano S, Farsetti A, Andreoli M, Pontecorvi A (1998) Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 8:15–21PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexander EK, Heering JP, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Cibas ES, Marqusee E (2002) Assessment of nondiagnostic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4924–4927PubMedCrossRef Alexander EK, Heering JP, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Cibas ES, Marqusee E (2002) Assessment of nondiagnostic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4924–4927PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA, Asa SL, Rosai J, Merino MJ, Randolph G, Vielh P, DeMay RM, Sidawy MK, Frable WJ (2008) Diagnostic terminology and morphologic criteria for cytologic diagnosis of thyroid lesions: a synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference. Diagn Cytopathol 36:425–437PubMedCrossRef Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA, Asa SL, Rosai J, Merino MJ, Randolph G, Vielh P, DeMay RM, Sidawy MK, Frable WJ (2008) Diagnostic terminology and morphologic criteria for cytologic diagnosis of thyroid lesions: a synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference. Diagn Cytopathol 36:425–437PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Noguchi S, Yamashita H, Uchino S, Watanabe S (2008) Papillary microcarcinoma. World J Surg 32:747–753PubMedCrossRef Noguchi S, Yamashita H, Uchino S, Watanabe S (2008) Papillary microcarcinoma. World J Surg 32:747–753PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Wada N, Duh QY, Sugino K, Iwasaki H, Kameyama K, Mimura T, Ito K, Takami H, Takanashi Y (2003) Lymph node metastasis from 259 papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: frequency, pattern of occurrence and recurrence, and optimal strategy for neck dissection. Ann Surg 237:399–407PubMed Wada N, Duh QY, Sugino K, Iwasaki H, Kameyama K, Mimura T, Ito K, Takami H, Takanashi Y (2003) Lymph node metastasis from 259 papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: frequency, pattern of occurrence and recurrence, and optimal strategy for neck dissection. Ann Surg 237:399–407PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Hemminki K, Eng C, Chen B (2005) Familial risks for nonmedullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5747–5753PubMedCrossRef Hemminki K, Eng C, Chen B (2005) Familial risks for nonmedullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5747–5753PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider AB, Ron E, Lubin J, Stovall M, Gierlowski TC (1993) Dose-response relationships for radiation-induced thyroid cancer and thyroid nodules: evidence for the prolonged effects of radiation on the thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:362–369PubMedCrossRef Schneider AB, Ron E, Lubin J, Stovall M, Gierlowski TC (1993) Dose-response relationships for radiation-induced thyroid cancer and thyroid nodules: evidence for the prolonged effects of radiation on the thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:362–369PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Shibata Y, Yamashita S, Masyakin VB, Panasyuk GD, Nagataki S (2001) 15 years after Chernobyl: new evidence of thyroid cancer. Lancet 358:1965–1966PubMedCrossRef Shibata Y, Yamashita S, Masyakin VB, Panasyuk GD, Nagataki S (2001) 15 years after Chernobyl: new evidence of thyroid cancer. Lancet 358:1965–1966PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Leenhardt L, Hejblum G, Franc B, Fediaevsky LD, Delbot T, Le Guillouzic D, Me’ne’gaux F, Guillausseau C, Hoang C, Turpin G, Aurengo A (1999) Indications and limits of ultrasound-guided cytology in the management of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:24–28PubMedCrossRef Leenhardt L, Hejblum G, Franc B, Fediaevsky LD, Delbot T, Le Guillouzic D, Me’ne’gaux F, Guillausseau C, Hoang C, Turpin G, Aurengo A (1999) Indications and limits of ultrasound-guided cytology in the management of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:24–28PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeh SK, Jung SL, Kim BS, Lee YS (2007) Evaluating the degree of conformity of papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma to the reported ultrasonographic findings of malignant thyroid tumor. Korean J Radiol 8:192–197PubMedCrossRef Jeh SK, Jung SL, Kim BS, Lee YS (2007) Evaluating the degree of conformity of papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma to the reported ultrasonographic findings of malignant thyroid tumor. Korean J Radiol 8:192–197PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Machens A, Holzhausen HJ, Dralle H (2005) The prognostic value of primary tumor size in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 103:2269–2273PubMedCrossRef Machens A, Holzhausen HJ, Dralle H (2005) The prognostic value of primary tumor size in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 103:2269–2273PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Frates MC, Benson CB, Doubilet PM, Kunreuther E, Contreras M, Cibas ES, Orcutt J, Moore FD Jr, Larsen PR, Marqusee E, Alexander EK (2006) Prevalence and distribution of carcinoma in patients with solitary and multiple thyroid nodules on sonography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3411–3417PubMedCrossRef Frates MC, Benson CB, Doubilet PM, Kunreuther E, Contreras M, Cibas ES, Orcutt J, Moore FD Jr, Larsen PR, Marqusee E, Alexander EK (2006) Prevalence and distribution of carcinoma in patients with solitary and multiple thyroid nodules on sonography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3411–3417PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonavita JA, Mayo J, Babb J, Bennett G, Oweity T, Macari M, Yee J (2009) Pattern recognition of benign nodules at ultrasound of the thyroid: which nodules can be left alone? AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:207–213PubMedCrossRef Bonavita JA, Mayo J, Babb J, Bennett G, Oweity T, Macari M, Yee J (2009) Pattern recognition of benign nodules at ultrasound of the thyroid: which nodules can be left alone? AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:207–213PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Rago T, Santini F, Scutari M, Pinchera A, Vitti P (2007) Elastography: new developments in ultrasound for predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2917–2922PubMedCrossRef Rago T, Santini F, Scutari M, Pinchera A, Vitti P (2007) Elastography: new developments in ultrasound for predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2917–2922PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, Mazzaferri EL, McIver B, Sherman SI, Tuttle RM (2009) The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 16:1167–1176CrossRef Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, Mazzaferri EL, McIver B, Sherman SI, Tuttle RM (2009) The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 16:1167–1176CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Delbeke D (1999) Oncological applications of FDG PET imaging: brain tumors, colorectal cancer, lymphoma and melanoma. J Nucl Med 40:591–603PubMed Delbeke D (1999) Oncological applications of FDG PET imaging: brain tumors, colorectal cancer, lymphoma and melanoma. J Nucl Med 40:591–603PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen YK, Ding HJ, Chen KT et al (2005) Prevalence and risk of cancer of focal thyroid incidentaloma identified by 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for cancer screening in healthy subjects. Anticancer Res 25:1421–1426PubMed Chen YK, Ding HJ, Chen KT et al (2005) Prevalence and risk of cancer of focal thyroid incidentaloma identified by 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for cancer screening in healthy subjects. Anticancer Res 25:1421–1426PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen MS, Arslan N, Dehdashti F et al (2001) Risk of malignancy in thyroid incidentalomas identified by fluorodeoxyglucose—positron emission tomography. Surgery 130:941–946PubMedCrossRef Cohen MS, Arslan N, Dehdashti F et al (2001) Risk of malignancy in thyroid incidentalomas identified by fluorodeoxyglucose—positron emission tomography. Surgery 130:941–946PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim TY, Kim WB, Ryu JS, Gong G, Hong SJ, Shong YK (2005) 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in thyroid from positron emission tomogram (PET) for evaluation in cancer patients: high prevalence of malignancy in thyroid PET incidentaloma. Laryngoscope 115:1074–1078PubMedCrossRef Kim TY, Kim WB, Ryu JS, Gong G, Hong SJ, Shong YK (2005) 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in thyroid from positron emission tomogram (PET) for evaluation in cancer patients: high prevalence of malignancy in thyroid PET incidentaloma. Laryngoscope 115:1074–1078PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell JC, Grant F, Evenson AR, Parker JA, Hasselgren PO, Parangi S (2005) Preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules with 18FDG-PET/CT. Surgery 138:1166–1174, discussion 1174–1175PubMedCrossRef Mitchell JC, Grant F, Evenson AR, Parker JA, Hasselgren PO, Parangi S (2005) Preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules with 18FDG-PET/CT. Surgery 138:1166–1174, discussion 1174–1175PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon BA, Flanagan FL, Dehdashti F (1997) Wholebody positron emission tomography: normal variations, pitfalls, and technical considerations. AJR 169:1675–1680PubMed Gordon BA, Flanagan FL, Dehdashti F (1997) Wholebody positron emission tomography: normal variations, pitfalls, and technical considerations. AJR 169:1675–1680PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Rallison ML, Dobyns BM, Keating FR Jr, Rall JE, Tyler FH (1975) Thyroid nodularity in children. JAMA 233:1069–1072PubMedCrossRef Rallison ML, Dobyns BM, Keating FR Jr, Rall JE, Tyler FH (1975) Thyroid nodularity in children. JAMA 233:1069–1072PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorboli E, Weber G, Crino A, Andreo M, Cesaretti G, de Sanctis L, Messina MF, Segni M, Cicchetti M, Vigone M, Pasquino AM, Spera S, de Luca F, Mussa GC, Bona G (2001) Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4644–4648PubMedCrossRef Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorboli E, Weber G, Crino A, Andreo M, Cesaretti G, de Sanctis L, Messina MF, Segni M, Cicchetti M, Vigone M, Pasquino AM, Spera S, de Luca F, Mussa GC, Bona G (2001) Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4644–4648PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan GH, Gharib H, Goellner JR, van Heerden JA, Bahn RS (1996) Management of thyroid nodules in pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 156:2317–2320PubMedCrossRef Tan GH, Gharib H, Goellner JR, van Heerden JA, Bahn RS (1996) Management of thyroid nodules in pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 156:2317–2320PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Moosa M, Mazzaferri EL (1997) Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed in pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2862–2866PubMedCrossRef Moosa M, Mazzaferri EL (1997) Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed in pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2862–2866PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Mestman JH, Goodwin TM, Montoro MM (1995) Thyroid disorders of pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 24:41–71PubMed Mestman JH, Goodwin TM, Montoro MM (1995) Thyroid disorders of pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 24:41–71PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuy S, Roman SA, Desai R, Sosa JA (2009) Outcomes following thyroid and parathyroid surgery in pregnant women. Arch Surg 144:399–406PubMedCrossRef Kuy S, Roman SA, Desai R, Sosa JA (2009) Outcomes following thyroid and parathyroid surgery in pregnant women. Arch Surg 144:399–406PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosen IB, Korman M, Walfish PG (1997) Thyroid nodular disease in pregnancy: current diagnosis and management. Clin Obstet Gynecol 40:81–89PubMedCrossRef Rosen IB, Korman M, Walfish PG (1997) Thyroid nodular disease in pregnancy: current diagnosis and management. Clin Obstet Gynecol 40:81–89PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, Braverman LE, Clark OH, McDougall IR, Ain KV, Dorfman SG (1996) Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association. Arch Intern Med 156:2165–2172PubMedCrossRef Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, Braverman LE, Clark OH, McDougall IR, Ain KV, Dorfman SG (1996) Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association. Arch Intern Med 156:2165–2172PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuma K, Matsuzuka F, Yokozawa T, Miyauchi A, Sugawara M (1994) Fate of untreated benign thyroid nodules: results of long-term follow-up. World J Surg 18:495–498PubMedCrossRef Kuma K, Matsuzuka F, Yokozawa T, Miyauchi A, Sugawara M (1994) Fate of untreated benign thyroid nodules: results of long-term follow-up. World J Surg 18:495–498PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Carmeci C, Jeffrey RB, McDougall IR, Nowels KW, Weigel RJ (1998) Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid masses. Thyroid 8:283–289PubMedCrossRef Carmeci C, Jeffrey RB, McDougall IR, Nowels KW, Weigel RJ (1998) Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid masses. Thyroid 8:283–289PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat McCoy KL, Jabbour N, Ogilvie JB, Ohori NP, Carty SE, Yim JH (2007) The incidence of cancer and rate of false-negative cytology in thyroid nodules greater than or equal to 4 cm in size. Surgery 142:837–844PubMedCrossRef McCoy KL, Jabbour N, Ogilvie JB, Ohori NP, Carty SE, Yim JH (2007) The incidence of cancer and rate of false-negative cytology in thyroid nodules greater than or equal to 4 cm in size. Surgery 142:837–844PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexander EK, Hurwitz S, Heering JP, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Cibas ES, Larsen PR, Marqusee E (2003) Natural history of benign solid and cystic thyroid nodules. Ann Int Med 138:315–318PubMed Alexander EK, Hurwitz S, Heering JP, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Cibas ES, Larsen PR, Marqusee E (2003) Natural history of benign solid and cystic thyroid nodules. Ann Int Med 138:315–318PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Asanuma K, Kobayashi S, Shingu K, Hama Y, Yokoyama S, Fujimori M, Amano J (2001) The rate of tumour growth does not distinguish between malignant and benign thyroid nodules. Eur J Surg 167:102–105PubMedCrossRef Asanuma K, Kobayashi S, Shingu K, Hama Y, Yokoyama S, Fujimori M, Amano J (2001) The rate of tumour growth does not distinguish between malignant and benign thyroid nodules. Eur J Surg 167:102–105PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Brauer VF, Eder P, Miehle K, Wiesner TD, Hasenclever H, Paschke R (2005) Interobserver variation for ultrasound determination of thyroid nodule volumes. Thyroid 15:1169–1175PubMedCrossRef Brauer VF, Eder P, Miehle K, Wiesner TD, Hasenclever H, Paschke R (2005) Interobserver variation for ultrasound determination of thyroid nodule volumes. Thyroid 15:1169–1175PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Oertel YC, Miyahara-Felipe L, Mendoza MG, Yu K (2007) Value of repeated fine needle aspirations of the thyroid: an analysis of over ten thousand FNAs. Thyroid 17:1061–1066PubMedCrossRef Oertel YC, Miyahara-Felipe L, Mendoza MG, Yu K (2007) Value of repeated fine needle aspirations of the thyroid: an analysis of over ten thousand FNAs. Thyroid 17:1061–1066PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Thyroid Incidentaloma
verfasst von
Seema Singh
Anutosh Singh
A. K. Khanna
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2012
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology / Ausgabe 3/2012
Print ISSN: 0975-7651
Elektronische ISSN: 0976-6952
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-011-0098-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2012

Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology 3/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

28.05.2024 Häusliche Gewalt Nachrichten

In der Notaufnahme wird die Chance, Opfer von häuslicher Gewalt zu identifizieren, von Orthopäden und Orthopädinnen offenbar zu wenig genutzt. Darauf deuten die Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenstudie an der Sahlgrenska-Universität in Schweden hin.

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

28.05.2024 Fehlerkultur Podcast

Darüber reden und aus Fehlern lernen, sollte das Motto in der Medizin lauten. Und zwar nicht nur im Sinne der Patientensicherheit. Eine negative Fehlerkultur kann auch die Behandelnden ernsthaft krank machen, warnt Prof. Dr. Reinhard Strametz. Ein Plädoyer und ein Leitfaden für den offenen Umgang mit kritischen Ereignissen in Medizin und Pflege.

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

21.05.2024 Allgemeine Chirurgie Nachrichten

Ein Frauenanteil von mindestens einem Drittel im ärztlichen Op.-Team war in einer großen retrospektiven Studie aus Kanada mit einer signifikanten Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität assoziiert.

TAVI versus Klappenchirurgie: Neue Vergleichsstudie sorgt für Erstaunen

21.05.2024 TAVI Nachrichten

Bei schwerer Aortenstenose und obstruktiver KHK empfehlen die Leitlinien derzeit eine chirurgische Kombi-Behandlung aus Klappenersatz plus Bypass-OP. Diese Empfehlung wird allerdings jetzt durch eine aktuelle Studie infrage gestellt – mit überraschender Deutlichkeit.

Update Chirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms“

Karpaltunnelsyndrom BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“

Radiusfraktur BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Webinar beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?

PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske
Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“

Appendizitis BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.