Introduction
Patients and methods
Study design and participants
Procedures
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Characteristic | Total
n = 527 (%) | Vitamin D deficiency | Severe vitamin D deficiency | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes
n = 210 (%) | No
n = 317 (%) |
p
| Yes n = 58 (%) | No n = 469 (%) |
p
| ||
Gender | |||||||
Female | 319 (61) | 118 (37) | 201 (63) |
0.10
| 33 (10) | 286 (90) | 0.55 |
Male | 208 (39) | 92 (44) | 116 (56) | 25 (12) | 183 (88) | ||
Age in years, mean (SD) | 49.7 (19.9) | 51.5 (20.5) | 48.6 (19.5) |
0.10
| 53.8 (20.7) | 49.2 (19.8) |
0.10
|
BMI | |||||||
Normal/overweight; BMI <30 | 433 (82) | 162 (37) | 271 (63) |
0.05
| 47 (11) | 386 (89) | 0.85 |
Obesity; BMI ≥30 | 71 (14) | 37 (52) | 34 (48) | 9 (13) | 62 (87) | ||
Unknown | 23 (4) | 11 (48) | 12 (52) | 2 (9) | 21 (91) | ||
Skin type | |||||||
Caucasian (type I, II, III) | 482 (92) | 187 (39) | 295 (61) |
0.04
| 47 (10) | 435 (90) |
0.003
|
Non-Caucasian (type IV, V, VI) | 42 (8) | 23 (45) | 19 (55) | 11 (26) | 31 (74) | ||
Medical history | |||||||
Medical history | |||||||
Yes | 426 (81) | 176 (41) | 250 (59) | 0.16 | 47 (11) | 379 (89) | 0.97 |
No | 101 (19) | 34 (34) | 67 (66) | 11(11) | 90 (89) | ||
Previous fracture | |||||||
Yes | 270 (51) | 109 (40) | 161 (60) | 0.77 | 32 (12) | 238 (88) | 0.57 |
No | 253 (49) | 99 (39) | 154 (61) | 26 (10) | 227 (90) | ||
Hypertension | |||||||
Yes | 85 (16) | 34 (40) | 51 (60) | 0.98 | 8 (9) | 77 (91) | 0.61 |
No | 442 (84) | 176 (40) | 266 (60) | 50 (11) | 392 (89) | ||
Diabetes mellitus | |||||||
Yes | 22 (4) | 13 (59) | 9 (41) |
0.06
| 3 (14) | 19 (86) | 0.72 |
No | 505 (96) | 197 (39) | 308 (61) | 55 (11) | 450 (89) | ||
Depression | |||||||
Yes | 20 (4) | 8 (40) | 12 (60) | 0.99 | 4 (20) | 16 (80) | 0.19 |
No | 507 (96) | 202 (40) | 305 (60) | 54 (11) | 305 (98) | ||
Osteoporosis | |||||||
Yes | 13 (2) | 3 (23) | 10 (77) | 0.21 | 2 (15) | 11 (85) | 0.64 |
No | 514 (98) | 207 (40) | 307 (60) | 56 (11) | 458 (89) | ||
Use of medication | |||||||
Vitamin D | |||||||
Yes | 117 (22) | 31 (27) | 86 (73) |
0.001
| 5 (4 %) | 112 (96) |
0.008
|
No | 408 (78) | 179 (44) | 229 (56) | 53 (13) | 355 (87) | ||
Antihypertensive | |||||||
Yes | 103 (20) | 51 (50) | 52 (50) |
0.03
| 13 (13) | 90 (87) | 0.56 |
No | 424 (80) | 159 (38) | 265 (62) | 45 (11) | 379 (89) | ||
NSAID | |||||||
Yes | 34 (6) | 20 (59) | 14 (41) |
0.02
| 7 (21) | 27 (79) |
0.08
|
No | 493 (94) | 190 (39) | 303 (61) | 51 (10) | 442 (90) | ||
Antidepressive | |||||||
Yes | 21 (4) | 9 (43) | 12 (57) | 0.77 | 3 (14) | 18 (86) | 0.50 |
No | 506 (96) | 201 (40) | 305 (60) | 55 (11) | 451 (89) | ||
Oral antidiabetics or insulin | |||||||
Yes | 20 (4) | 11 (55) | 9 (45) | 0.16 | 2 (10) | 18 (90) | 1.00 |
No | 507 (96) | 199 (39) | 308 (61) | 56 (11) | 451 (89) | ||
Corticosteroids | |||||||
Yes | 13 (3) | 6 (46) | 7 (56) | 0.64 | 2 (15) | 11 (85) | 0.64 |
No | 514 (97) | 204 (40) | 310 (60) | 56 (11) | 458 (89) | ||
Intoxication | |||||||
Smoking | |||||||
Yes | 122 (24) | 62 (51) | 60 (49) |
0.005
| 24 (20) | 98 (80) |
0.001
|
No | 394 (76) | 144 (37) | 250 (63) | 33 (8) | 361 (92) | ||
Alcohol consumption None | 200 (39) | 102 (51) | 98 (49) |
<0.001
| 34 (17) | 166 (83) |
0.002
|
Alcohol consumption ≤2 U/day | 274 (53) | 96 (35) | 178 (65) | 21 (8) | 253 (92) | ||
Alcohol consumption >2 U/day | 45 (9) | 10 (22) | 35 (78) | 2 (4) | 43 (96) | ||
Sun exposure | |||||||
No. of hours/day, mean (SD) | 1.9 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.2) |
<0.001
| 1.6 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.2) |
0.02
|
Use of solarium | |||||||
Yes | 37 (7) | 7 (19) | 30 (81) |
0.007
| 1 (3) | 36 (97) | 0.11 |
No | 480 (93) | 199 (41) | 281 (59) | ||||
Vacation in the prior 4 weeks | |||||||
Yes | 60 (12) | 11 (18) | 49 (82) |
<0.001
| 2 (3) | 58 (97) |
0.04
|
No | 459 (88) | 195 (42) | 264 (58) | ||||
Season of inclusion | |||||||
Summer | 133 (25) | 39 (29) | 94 (71) |
<0.001
| 10 (8) | 123 (92) |
0.004
|
Autumn | 153 (29) | 44 (29) | 109 (71) | 9 (6) | 144 (94) | ||
Winter | 122 (23) | 64 (53) | 58 (47) | 22 (18) | 100 (82) | ||
Spring | 119 (23) | 63 (53) | 56 (47) | 17 (14) | 102 (86) |
Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency: calcidiol <50 nmol/L
Characteristic | Vitamin D deficiency Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Severe vitamin D deficiency Adjusted OR (95 % CI) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Women | Not included | – |
Men | ||
Age | ||
Years | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) |
BMI | ||
Normal/overweight; BMI <30 | Not included | – |
Obese; BMI ≥30 | ||
Unknown | ||
Skin type | ||
Caucasian (type I, II, III) | Not included | Reference |
Non-Caucasian (type IV, V, VI) | 4.07 (1.63–10.2) | |
Medical history | ||
Diabetes mellitus | ||
Yes | Not included | – |
No | ||
Use of medication | ||
Vitamin D | ||
Yes | 0.46 (0.28–0.77) | 0.28 (0.10–0.79) |
No | Reference | Reference |
Antihypertensive | ||
Yes | Not included | – |
No | ||
NSAID | ||
Yes | Not included | Not included |
No | ||
Intoxication | ||
Smoking | ||
Yes | 2.02 (1.25–3.25) | 2.79 (1.44–5.42) |
No | Reference | Reference |
Alcohol consumption, none | Reference | Reference |
Alcohol consumption ≤2 U/day | 0.47 (0.31–0.71) | 0.42 (0.22–0.79) |
Alcohol consumption >2 U/day | 0.26 (0.11–0.62) | 0.24 (0.06–1.13) |
Sun exposure | ||
Number of hours/day | 0.77 (0.65–0.92) | 0.72 (0.54–0.97) |
Use of solarium | ||
Yes | 0.40 (0.15–1.00) | – |
No | Reference | |
Vacation in the prior 4 weeks | ||
Yes | 0.43 (0.21–0.89) | Not included |
No | Reference | |
Season of inclusion | ||
Summer | Reference | Reference |
Autumn | 1.09 (0.62–1.93) | 0.81 (0.29–2.23) |
Winter | 2.44 (1.36–4.38) | 2.61 (1.01–6.17) |
Spring | 3.07 (1.70–5.55) | 2.23 (0.90–5.49) |
Risk factors for severe vitamin D deficiency: calcidiol <25 nmol/L
Discussion
References | Year | Location—latitude | Fracture population |
n
| Mean age | Vitamin D deficiency (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bee et al. [34] | 2013 | USA; 42–44°N | Operated traumatic fractures in the upper and lower extremities | 201 | 56 | 28 |
Briggs et al. [33] | 2013 | UK; 51°N | Operated and non-operated long bone fractures | 33 | 53 | 50 |
Bogunovic et al. [32] | 2010 | USA; 41°N | Operated traumatic fractures in the upper and lower extremities | 121 | 63 | 40 |
Bogunovic et al. [32] | 2010 | USA; 41°N | Operated distal radial or ulnar fracture | 43 | 66 | 16 |
Reinhardt et al. [36] | 2012 | USA; 41°N | Operated patella fractures | 30 | 58 | 33 |
Smith et al. [35] | 2013 | USA; 42°N | Ankle fractures | 75 | 52 | 13 |
Wright et al. [31] | 2007 | UK; 55°N | Forearm fracture in males | 37 | 54 | 49 |