Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Radiology 4/2007

01.04.2007 | Cardiac

Cardiac CT: coronary arteries and beyond

verfasst von: Andreas H. Mahnken, Georg Mühlenbruch, Rolf W. Günther, Joachim E. Wildberger

Erschienen in: European Radiology | Ausgabe 4/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Multi-detector-row computed tomography (MDCT) has emerged as a rapidly developing method for non-invasive imaging of the heart. An understanding of ECG synchronization, contrast material administration, patient preparation and image post-processing is needed to optimize image quality. The basic technical principles and essentials of these technical basics are described here. Correctly applied cardiac MDCT allows imaging of the coronary arteries including coronary anatomy and stenosis detection. The same is true for evaluation of coronary artery bypass grafts and, to some extent, coronary artery stents. While quantification of total calcified plaque burden has been long established, coronary MDCT allows assessing plaque morphology and constitution. Recent approaches go beyond the coronaries and include evaluation of left ventricular function at rest and myocardial viability. In combination with experimental approaches for assessing aortic valve function and myocardial perfusion imaging, cardiac MDCT offers the potential for a comprehensive examination of the heart using a single breath-hold examination.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat American Heart Association (2006) Heart and stroke statistics-2006 update. American Heart Association, Dallas American Heart Association (2006) Heart and stroke statistics-2006 update. American Heart Association, Dallas
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson LW, Lozner EC, Johnson S, Krone R, Pichard AD, Vetrovec GW, Noto TJ (1989) Coronary arteriography 1984–1987: a report of the Registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. I. Results and complications. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 17:5–10PubMedCrossRef Johnson LW, Lozner EC, Johnson S, Krone R, Pichard AD, Vetrovec GW, Noto TJ (1989) Coronary arteriography 1984–1987: a report of the Registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. I. Results and complications. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 17:5–10PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Flohr TG, McCollough CH, Bruder H, Petersilka M, Gruber K, Suss C, Grasruck M, Stierstorfer K, Krauss B, Raupach R, Primak AN, Kuttner A, Achenbach S, Becker C, Kopp A, Ohnesorge BM (2006) First performance evaluation of a dual-source CT (DSCT) system. Eur Radiol 16:256–268PubMedCrossRef Flohr TG, McCollough CH, Bruder H, Petersilka M, Gruber K, Suss C, Grasruck M, Stierstorfer K, Krauss B, Raupach R, Primak AN, Kuttner A, Achenbach S, Becker C, Kopp A, Ohnesorge BM (2006) First performance evaluation of a dual-source CT (DSCT) system. Eur Radiol 16:256–268PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Kunimasa T, Sato Y, Sugi K, Moroi M (2005) Evaluation by multislice computed tomography of atherosclerotic coronary artery plaques in non-culprit, remote coronary arteries of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circ J 69:1346–1351PubMedCrossRef Kunimasa T, Sato Y, Sugi K, Moroi M (2005) Evaluation by multislice computed tomography of atherosclerotic coronary artery plaques in non-culprit, remote coronary arteries of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circ J 69:1346–1351PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Achenbach S, Ropers D, Hoffmann U, MacNeill B, Baum U, Pohle K, Brady TJ, Pomerantsev E, Ludwig J, Flachskampf FA, Wicky S, Jang IK, Daniel WG (2004) Assessment of coronary remodeling in stenotic and nonstenotic coronary atherosclerotic lesions by multidetector spiral computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:842–847PubMedCrossRef Achenbach S, Ropers D, Hoffmann U, MacNeill B, Baum U, Pohle K, Brady TJ, Pomerantsev E, Ludwig J, Flachskampf FA, Wicky S, Jang IK, Daniel WG (2004) Assessment of coronary remodeling in stenotic and nonstenotic coronary atherosclerotic lesions by multidetector spiral computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:842–847PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Koos R, Katoh M, Spuentrup E, Busch P, Wildberger JE, Kuhl HP, Gunther RW (2005) Sixteen-slice spiral CT versus MR imaging for the assessment of left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Radiol 15:714–720PubMedCrossRef Mahnken AH, Koos R, Katoh M, Spuentrup E, Busch P, Wildberger JE, Kuhl HP, Gunther RW (2005) Sixteen-slice spiral CT versus MR imaging for the assessment of left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Radiol 15:714–720PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Becker C, Kopp AF, Schoepf UJ, Baum U, Knez A, Klingenbeck-Regn K, Reiser MF (2000) Cardiac imaging by means of electrocardiographically gated multisection spiral CT: initial experience. Radiology 217:564–571PubMed Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Becker C, Kopp AF, Schoepf UJ, Baum U, Knez A, Klingenbeck-Regn K, Reiser MF (2000) Cardiac imaging by means of electrocardiographically gated multisection spiral CT: initial experience. Radiology 217:564–571PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Kachelriess M, Sennst DA, Maxlmoser W, Kalender WA (2002) Kymogram detection and kymogram-correlated image reconstruction from subsecond spiral computed tomography scans of the heart. Med Phys 29:1489–1503PubMedCrossRef Kachelriess M, Sennst DA, Maxlmoser W, Kalender WA (2002) Kymogram detection and kymogram-correlated image reconstruction from subsecond spiral computed tomography scans of the heart. Med Phys 29:1489–1503PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Achenbach S, Ropers D, Holle J, Muschiol G, Daniel WG, Moshage W (2000) In-plane coronary arterial motion velocity: measurement with electron-beam CT. Radiology 216:457–463PubMed Achenbach S, Ropers D, Holle J, Muschiol G, Daniel WG, Moshage W (2000) In-plane coronary arterial motion velocity: measurement with electron-beam CT. Radiology 216:457–463PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Kopp AF, Schroeder S, Kuettner A, Baumbach A, Georg C, Kuzo R, Heuschmid M, Ohnesorge B, Karsch KR, Claussen CD (2002) Non-invasive coronary angiography with high resolution multidetector-row computed tomography. Results in 102 patients. Eur Heart J 23:1714–1725PubMed Kopp AF, Schroeder S, Kuettner A, Baumbach A, Georg C, Kuzo R, Heuschmid M, Ohnesorge B, Karsch KR, Claussen CD (2002) Non-invasive coronary angiography with high resolution multidetector-row computed tomography. Results in 102 patients. Eur Heart J 23:1714–1725PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Manzke R, Kohler T, Nielsen T, Hawkes D, Grass M (2004) Automatic phase determination for retrospectively gated cardiac CT. Med Phys 31:3345–3362PubMedCrossRef Manzke R, Kohler T, Nielsen T, Hawkes D, Grass M (2004) Automatic phase determination for retrospectively gated cardiac CT. Med Phys 31:3345–3362PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffmann MH, Lessick J, Manzke R, Schmid FT, Gershin E, Boll DT, Rispler S, Aschoff AJ, Grass M (2006) Automatic determination of minimal cardiac motion phases for computed tomography imaging: initial experience. Eur Radiol 16:365–373PubMedCrossRef Hoffmann MH, Lessick J, Manzke R, Schmid FT, Gershin E, Boll DT, Rispler S, Aschoff AJ, Grass M (2006) Automatic determination of minimal cardiac motion phases for computed tomography imaging: initial experience. Eur Radiol 16:365–373PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Boese JM, Bahner ML, Albers J, Vahl CF, Flohr T (2001) An improved algorithm for multi-slice cardiac CT imaging with high temporal resolution. Radiology 221:S457 Boese JM, Bahner ML, Albers J, Vahl CF, Flohr T (2001) An improved algorithm for multi-slice cardiac CT imaging with high temporal resolution. Radiology 221:S457
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Flohr T, Ohnesorge B (2001) Heart rate adaptive optimization of spatial and temporal resolution for electrocardiogram-gated multislice spiral CT of the heart. J Comput Assist Tomogr 25:907–923PubMedCrossRef Flohr T, Ohnesorge B (2001) Heart rate adaptive optimization of spatial and temporal resolution for electrocardiogram-gated multislice spiral CT of the heart. J Comput Assist Tomogr 25:907–923PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Flohr T, Bruder H, Stierstorfer K, Simon J, Schaller S, Ohnesorge B (2002) New technical developments in multislice CT, part 2: sub-millimeter 16-slice scanning and increased gantry rotation speed for cardiac imaging. Fortschr Rontgenstr 174:1022–1027CrossRef Flohr T, Bruder H, Stierstorfer K, Simon J, Schaller S, Ohnesorge B (2002) New technical developments in multislice CT, part 2: sub-millimeter 16-slice scanning and increased gantry rotation speed for cardiac imaging. Fortschr Rontgenstr 174:1022–1027CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Flohr TG, Schoepf UJ, Kuettner A, Halliburton S, Bruder H, Suess C, Schmidt B, Hofmann L, Yucel EK, Schaller S, Ohnesorge BM (2003) Advances in cardiac imaging with 16-section CT systems. Acad Radiol 10:386–401PubMedCrossRef Flohr TG, Schoepf UJ, Kuettner A, Halliburton S, Bruder H, Suess C, Schmidt B, Hofmann L, Yucel EK, Schaller S, Ohnesorge BM (2003) Advances in cardiac imaging with 16-section CT systems. Acad Radiol 10:386–401PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Seyfarth T, Flohr T, Herzog C, Stahl J, Stanzel S, Kuettner A, Wildberger JE, Gunther RW (2005) Flat-panel detector computed tomography for the assessment of coronary artery stents: phantom study in comparison with 16-slice spiral computed tomography. Invest Radiol 40:8–13PubMed Mahnken AH, Seyfarth T, Flohr T, Herzog C, Stahl J, Stanzel S, Kuettner A, Wildberger JE, Gunther RW (2005) Flat-panel detector computed tomography for the assessment of coronary artery stents: phantom study in comparison with 16-slice spiral computed tomography. Invest Radiol 40:8–13PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmermund A, Rensing BJ, Sheedy PF, Bell MR, Rumberger JA (1998) Intravenous electron-beam computed tomographic coronary angiography for segmental analysis of coronary artery stenoses. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1547–1554PubMedCrossRef Schmermund A, Rensing BJ, Sheedy PF, Bell MR, Rumberger JA (1998) Intravenous electron-beam computed tomographic coronary angiography for segmental analysis of coronary artery stenoses. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1547–1554PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lau GT, Ridley LJ, Schieb MC, Brieger DB, Freedman SB, Wong LA, Lo SK, Kritharides L (2005) Coronary artery stenoses: detection with calcium scoring, CT angiography, and both methods combined. Radiology 235:415–422PubMedCrossRef Lau GT, Ridley LJ, Schieb MC, Brieger DB, Freedman SB, Wong LA, Lo SK, Kritharides L (2005) Coronary artery stenoses: detection with calcium scoring, CT angiography, and both methods combined. Radiology 235:415–422PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Becker C, Hong C, Knez A, Leber A, Bruening R, Schopef UJ, Reiser MF (2003) Optimal contrast application for cardiac 4-detector-row computed tomography. Invest Radiol 38:690–694PubMedCrossRef Becker C, Hong C, Knez A, Leber A, Bruening R, Schopef UJ, Reiser MF (2003) Optimal contrast application for cardiac 4-detector-row computed tomography. Invest Radiol 38:690–694PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Husmann L, Alkadhi H, Boehm T, Leschka S, Schepis T, Koepfli P, Desbiolles L, Marincek B, Kaufmann PA, Wildermuth S (2006) Influence of cardiac hemodynamic parameters on coronary artery opacification with 64-slice computed tomography. Eur Radiol 16:1111–1116PubMedCrossRef Husmann L, Alkadhi H, Boehm T, Leschka S, Schepis T, Koepfli P, Desbiolles L, Marincek B, Kaufmann PA, Wildermuth S (2006) Influence of cardiac hemodynamic parameters on coronary artery opacification with 64-slice computed tomography. Eur Radiol 16:1111–1116PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Cademartiri F, van der Lugt A, Luccichenti G, Pavone P, Krestin GP (2002) Parameters affecting bolus geometry in CTA: a review. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26:598–607PubMedCrossRef Cademartiri F, van der Lugt A, Luccichenti G, Pavone P, Krestin GP (2002) Parameters affecting bolus geometry in CTA: a review. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26:598–607PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Nieman K, Oudkerk M, Rensing BJ, van Ooijen P, Munne A, van Geuns RJ, de Feyter PJ (2001) Coronary angiography with multi-slice computed tomography. Lancet 357:599–603PubMedCrossRef Nieman K, Oudkerk M, Rensing BJ, van Ooijen P, Munne A, van Geuns RJ, de Feyter PJ (2001) Coronary angiography with multi-slice computed tomography. Lancet 357:599–603PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuettner A, Trabold T, Schroeder S, Feyer A, Beck T, Brueckner A, Heuschmid M, Burgstahler C, Kopp AF, Claussen CD (2004) Noninvasive detection of coronary lesions using 16-detector multislice spiral computed tomography technology: initial clinical results. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:1230–1237PubMed Kuettner A, Trabold T, Schroeder S, Feyer A, Beck T, Brueckner A, Heuschmid M, Burgstahler C, Kopp AF, Claussen CD (2004) Noninvasive detection of coronary lesions using 16-detector multislice spiral computed tomography technology: initial clinical results. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:1230–1237PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Pugliese F, Mollet NR, Runza G, van Mieghem C, Meijboom WB, Malagutti P, Baks T, Krestin GP, Defeyter PJ, Cademartiri F (2006) Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive 64-slice CT coronary angiography in patients with stable angina pectoris. Eur Radiol 16:575–582PubMedCrossRef Pugliese F, Mollet NR, Runza G, van Mieghem C, Meijboom WB, Malagutti P, Baks T, Krestin GP, Defeyter PJ, Cademartiri F (2006) Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive 64-slice CT coronary angiography in patients with stable angina pectoris. Eur Radiol 16:575–582PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Fleischmann D, Rubin GD, Bankier AA, Hittmair K (2000) Improved uniformity of aortic enhancement with customized contrast medium injection protocols at CT angiography. Radiology 214:363–371PubMed Fleischmann D, Rubin GD, Bankier AA, Hittmair K (2000) Improved uniformity of aortic enhancement with customized contrast medium injection protocols at CT angiography. Radiology 214:363–371PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Bae KT, Tran HQ, Heiken JP (2000) Multiphasic injection method for uniform prolonged vascular enhancement at CT angiography: pharmacokinetic analysis and experimental porcine model. Radiology 216:872–880PubMed Bae KT, Tran HQ, Heiken JP (2000) Multiphasic injection method for uniform prolonged vascular enhancement at CT angiography: pharmacokinetic analysis and experimental porcine model. Radiology 216:872–880PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Klotz E, Hennemuth A, Jung B, Koos R, Wildberger JE, Gunther RW (2003) Measurement of cardiac output from a test-bolus injection in multislice computed tomography. Eur Radiol 13:2498–2504PubMedCrossRef Mahnken AH, Klotz E, Hennemuth A, Jung B, Koos R, Wildberger JE, Gunther RW (2003) Measurement of cardiac output from a test-bolus injection in multislice computed tomography. Eur Radiol 13:2498–2504PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Mollet NR, Cademartiri F, van Mieghem CA, Runza G, McFadden EP, Baks T, Serruys PW, Krestin GP, de Feyter PJ (2005) High-resolution spiral computed tomography coronary angiography in patients referred for diagnostic conventional coronary angiography. Circulation 112:2318–2323PubMedCrossRef Mollet NR, Cademartiri F, van Mieghem CA, Runza G, McFadden EP, Baks T, Serruys PW, Krestin GP, de Feyter PJ (2005) High-resolution spiral computed tomography coronary angiography in patients referred for diagnostic conventional coronary angiography. Circulation 112:2318–2323PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Trabold T, Buchgeister M, Kuttner A, Heuschmid M, Kopp AF, Schroder S, Claussen (2003) Estimation of radiation exposure in 16-detector row computed tomography of the heart with retrospective ECG-gating. Fortschr Rontgenstr 175:1051–1055CrossRef Trabold T, Buchgeister M, Kuttner A, Heuschmid M, Kopp AF, Schroder S, Claussen (2003) Estimation of radiation exposure in 16-detector row computed tomography of the heart with retrospective ECG-gating. Fortschr Rontgenstr 175:1051–1055CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerber TC, Stratmann BP, Kuzo RS, Kantor B, Morin RL (2005) Effect of acquisition technique on radiation dose and image quality in multidetector row computed tomography coronary angiography with submillimeter collimation. Invest Radiol 40:556–563PubMedCrossRef Gerber TC, Stratmann BP, Kuzo RS, Kantor B, Morin RL (2005) Effect of acquisition technique on radiation dose and image quality in multidetector row computed tomography coronary angiography with submillimeter collimation. Invest Radiol 40:556–563PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Jakobs TF, Wintersperger BJ, Herzog P, Flohr T, Suess C, Knez A, Reiser MF, Becker CR (2003) Ultra-low-dose coronary artery calcium screening using multislice CT with retrospective ECG gating. Eur Radiol 13:1923–1930PubMedCrossRef Jakobs TF, Wintersperger BJ, Herzog P, Flohr T, Suess C, Knez A, Reiser MF, Becker CR (2003) Ultra-low-dose coronary artery calcium screening using multislice CT with retrospective ECG gating. Eur Radiol 13:1923–1930PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Jung B, Mahnken AH, Stargardt A, Simon J, Flohr TG, Schaller S, Koos R, Gunther RW, Wildberger JE (2003) Individually weight-adapted examination protocol in retrospectively ECG-gated MSCT of the heart. Eur Radiol 13:2560–2566PubMedCrossRef Jung B, Mahnken AH, Stargardt A, Simon J, Flohr TG, Schaller S, Koos R, Gunther RW, Wildberger JE (2003) Individually weight-adapted examination protocol in retrospectively ECG-gated MSCT of the heart. Eur Radiol 13:2560–2566PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Wildberger JE, Simon J, Koos R, Flohr TG, Schaller S, Gunther RW (2003) Detection of coronary calcifications: feasibility of dose reduction with a body weight-adapted examination protocol. Am J Roentgenol 181:533–538 Mahnken AH, Wildberger JE, Simon J, Koos R, Flohr TG, Schaller S, Gunther RW (2003) Detection of coronary calcifications: feasibility of dose reduction with a body weight-adapted examination protocol. Am J Roentgenol 181:533–538
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Becker C, Schatzl M, Feist H, Bauml A, Schopf UJ, Michalski G, Lechel U, Hennge M, Bruning R, Reiser M (1999) Assessment of the effective dose for routine protocols in conventional CT, electron beam CT and coronary angiography (in German). Fortschr Rontgenstr 170:99–104 Becker C, Schatzl M, Feist H, Bauml A, Schopf UJ, Michalski G, Lechel U, Hennge M, Bruning R, Reiser M (1999) Assessment of the effective dose for routine protocols in conventional CT, electron beam CT and coronary angiography (in German). Fortschr Rontgenstr 170:99–104
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Betsou S, Efstathopoulos EP, Katritsis D, Faulkner K, Panayiotakis G (1998) Patient radiation doses during cardiac catheterization procedures. Br J Radiol 71:634–639PubMed Betsou S, Efstathopoulos EP, Katritsis D, Faulkner K, Panayiotakis G (1998) Patient radiation doses during cardiac catheterization procedures. Br J Radiol 71:634–639PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Vogl TJ, Abolmaali ND, Diebold T, Engelmann K, Ay M, Dogan S, Wimmer-Greinecker G, Moritz A, Herzog C (2002) Techniques for the detection of coronary atherosclerosis: multi-detector row CT coronary angiography. Radiology 223:212–220PubMedCrossRef Vogl TJ, Abolmaali ND, Diebold T, Engelmann K, Ay M, Dogan S, Wimmer-Greinecker G, Moritz A, Herzog C (2002) Techniques for the detection of coronary atherosclerosis: multi-detector row CT coronary angiography. Radiology 223:212–220PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch K, Oellig F, Kunz P, Bender P, Oberholzer K, Mildenberger P, Hake U, Kreitner KF, Thelen M (2004) Assessment of global and regional left ventricular function with a 16-slice spiral-CT using two different software tools for quantitative functional analysis and qualitative evaluation of wall motion changes in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging (in German). Rofo 176:1786–1793PubMed Koch K, Oellig F, Kunz P, Bender P, Oberholzer K, Mildenberger P, Hake U, Kreitner KF, Thelen M (2004) Assessment of global and regional left ventricular function with a 16-slice spiral-CT using two different software tools for quantitative functional analysis and qualitative evaluation of wall motion changes in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging (in German). Rofo 176:1786–1793PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Muhlenbruch G, Das M, Hohl C, Wildberger JE, Rinck D, Flohr TG, Koos R, Knackstedt C, Gunther RW, Mahnken AH (2006) Global left ventricular function in cardiac CT. Evaluation of an automated 3D region-growing segmentation algorithm. Eur Radiol 16:1117–1123PubMedCrossRef Muhlenbruch G, Das M, Hohl C, Wildberger JE, Rinck D, Flohr TG, Koos R, Knackstedt C, Gunther RW, Mahnken AH (2006) Global left ventricular function in cardiac CT. Evaluation of an automated 3D region-growing segmentation algorithm. Eur Radiol 16:1117–1123PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Klotz E, Lautenschläger S, Koos R, Fritz D, Scheuering M, Rinck D, Günther RW, Wildberger JE (2005) Assessment of myocardial infarction with cardiac MSCT using model based heart segmentation and perfusion weighted color maps. Eur Radiol 14S2:S250 Mahnken AH, Klotz E, Lautenschläger S, Koos R, Fritz D, Scheuering M, Rinck D, Günther RW, Wildberger JE (2005) Assessment of myocardial infarction with cardiac MSCT using model based heart segmentation and perfusion weighted color maps. Eur Radiol 14S2:S250
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE, Fuster V, Glagov S, Insull W Jr, Rosenfeld ME, Schwartz CJ, Wagner WD, Wissler RW (1995) A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 92:1355–1374PubMed Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE, Fuster V, Glagov S, Insull W Jr, Rosenfeld ME, Schwartz CJ, Wagner WD, Wissler RW (1995) A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 92:1355–1374PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Raggi P, Boulay A, Chasan-Taber S, Amin N, Dillon M, Burke SK, Chertow GM (2002) Cardiac calcification in adult hemodialysis patients. A link between end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease? J Am Coll Cardiol 39:695–701PubMedCrossRef Raggi P, Boulay A, Chasan-Taber S, Amin N, Dillon M, Burke SK, Chertow GM (2002) Cardiac calcification in adult hemodialysis patients. A link between end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease? J Am Coll Cardiol 39:695–701PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Kajinami K, Seki H, Takekoshi N, Mabuchi H (1997) Coronary calcification and coronary atherosclerosis: site by site comparative morphologic study of electron beam computed tomography and coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:1549–1556PubMedCrossRef Kajinami K, Seki H, Takekoshi N, Mabuchi H (1997) Coronary calcification and coronary atherosclerosis: site by site comparative morphologic study of electron beam computed tomography and coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:1549–1556PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF, Greenland P, Grundy SM, Hachamovitch R, Pohost GM, Shaw LJ, Weintraub WS, Winters WL Jr, Forrester JS, Douglas PS, Faxon DP, Fisher JD, Gregoratos G, Hochman JS, Hutter AM Jr, Kaul S, Wolk MJ (2000) American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association expert consensus document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. Circulation 102:126–140PubMed O’Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF, Greenland P, Grundy SM, Hachamovitch R, Pohost GM, Shaw LJ, Weintraub WS, Winters WL Jr, Forrester JS, Douglas PS, Faxon DP, Fisher JD, Gregoratos G, Hochman JS, Hutter AM Jr, Kaul S, Wolk MJ (2000) American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association expert consensus document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. Circulation 102:126–140PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmermund A, Erbel R, Silber S (2002) Age and gender distribution of coronary artery calcium measured by four-slice computed tomography in 2,030 persons with no symptoms of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 90:168–173PubMedCrossRef Schmermund A, Erbel R, Silber S (2002) Age and gender distribution of coronary artery calcium measured by four-slice computed tomography in 2,030 persons with no symptoms of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 90:168–173PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Knez A, Becker C, Becker A, Leber A, White C, Reiser M, Steinbeck G (2002) Determination of coronary calcium with multi-slice spiral computed tomography: a comparative study with electron-beam CT. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 18:295–303PubMedCrossRef Knez A, Becker C, Becker A, Leber A, White C, Reiser M, Steinbeck G (2002) Determination of coronary calcium with multi-slice spiral computed tomography: a comparative study with electron-beam CT. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 18:295–303PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanford W, Thompson BH, Burns TL, Heery SD, Burr MC (2004) Coronary artery calcium quantification at multi-detector row helical CT versus electron-beam CT. Radiology 230:397–402PubMedCrossRef Stanford W, Thompson BH, Burns TL, Heery SD, Burr MC (2004) Coronary artery calcium quantification at multi-detector row helical CT versus electron-beam CT. Radiology 230:397–402PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Rumberger JA, Brundage BH, Rader DJ, Kondos G (1999) Electron beam computed tomographic coronary calcium scanning: a review and guidelines for use in asymptomatic persons. Mayo Clin Proc 74:243–252PubMedCrossRef Rumberger JA, Brundage BH, Rader DJ, Kondos G (1999) Electron beam computed tomographic coronary calcium scanning: a review and guidelines for use in asymptomatic persons. Mayo Clin Proc 74:243–252PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Grundy SM, Balady GJ, Criqui MH, Fletcher G, Greenland P, Hiratzka LF, Houston-Miller N, Kris-Etherton P, Krumholz HM, LaRosa J, Ockene IS, Pearson TA, Reed J, Washington R, Smith SC Jr (1998) Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: guidance from Framingham. A statement for healthcare professionals from the AHA Task Force on Risk Reduction. Circulation 12(97):1876–1887 Grundy SM, Balady GJ, Criqui MH, Fletcher G, Greenland P, Hiratzka LF, Houston-Miller N, Kris-Etherton P, Krumholz HM, LaRosa J, Ockene IS, Pearson TA, Reed J, Washington R, Smith SC Jr (1998) Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: guidance from Framingham. A statement for healthcare professionals from the AHA Task Force on Risk Reduction. Circulation 12(97):1876–1887
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamont DH, Budoff MJ, Shavelle DM, Shavelle R, Brundage BH, Hagar JM (2002) Coronary calcium scanning adds incremental value to patients with positive stress tests. Am Heart J 143:861–867PubMedCrossRef Lamont DH, Budoff MJ, Shavelle DM, Shavelle R, Brundage BH, Hagar JM (2002) Coronary calcium scanning adds incremental value to patients with positive stress tests. Am Heart J 143:861–867PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenland P, Gaziano JM (2003) Clinical practice. Selecting asymptomatic patients for coronary computed tomography or electrocardiographic exercise testing. N Engl J Med 349:465–473PubMedCrossRef Greenland P, Gaziano JM (2003) Clinical practice. Selecting asymptomatic patients for coronary computed tomography or electrocardiographic exercise testing. N Engl J Med 349:465–473PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Grundy SM (2001) Coronary plaque as a replacement for age as a risk factor in global risk assessment. Am J Cardiol 88(2A):8E–11EPubMedCrossRef Grundy SM (2001) Coronary plaque as a replacement for age as a risk factor in global risk assessment. Am J Cardiol 88(2A):8E–11EPubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Maher JE, Bielak LF, Raz JA, Sheedy Jr PF , Schwartz RS, Peyser PA (1999) Progression of coronary artery calcification: a pilot study. Mayo Clin Proc 74:347–355PubMed Maher JE, Bielak LF, Raz JA, Sheedy Jr PF , Schwartz RS, Peyser PA (1999) Progression of coronary artery calcification: a pilot study. Mayo Clin Proc 74:347–355PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Callister TQ, Raggi P, Cooil B, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ (1998) Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. N Engl J Med 339:1972–1978PubMedCrossRef Callister TQ, Raggi P, Cooil B, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ (1998) Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. N Engl J Med 339:1972–1978PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Adamzik M, Schmermund A, Reed JE, Adamzik S, Behrenbeck T, Sheedy PF (1999) Comparison of two different software systems for electron-beam CT-derived quantification of coronary calcification. Invest Radiol 34:767–773PubMedCrossRef Adamzik M, Schmermund A, Reed JE, Adamzik S, Behrenbeck T, Sheedy PF (1999) Comparison of two different software systems for electron-beam CT-derived quantification of coronary calcification. Invest Radiol 34:767–773PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Devries S, Wolfkiel C, Shah V, Chomka E, Rich S (1995) Reproducibility of the measurement of coronary calcium with ultrafast computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 75:973–975PubMedCrossRef Devries S, Wolfkiel C, Shah V, Chomka E, Rich S (1995) Reproducibility of the measurement of coronary calcium with ultrafast computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 75:973–975PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Kopp AF, Ohnesorge B, Becker C, Schroder S, Heuschmid M, Kuttner A, Kuzo R, Claussen CD (2002) Reproducibility and accuracy of coronary calcium measurements with multi-detector row versus electron-beam CT. Radiology 225:113–119PubMedCrossRef Kopp AF, Ohnesorge B, Becker C, Schroder S, Heuschmid M, Kuttner A, Kuzo R, Claussen CD (2002) Reproducibility and accuracy of coronary calcium measurements with multi-detector row versus electron-beam CT. Radiology 225:113–119PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Hong C, Bae KT, Pilgram TK (2003) Coronary artery calcium: accuracy and reproducibility of measurements with multi-detector row CT–assessment of effects of different thresholds and quantification methods. Radiology 227:795–801PubMedCrossRef Hong C, Bae KT, Pilgram TK (2003) Coronary artery calcium: accuracy and reproducibility of measurements with multi-detector row CT–assessment of effects of different thresholds and quantification methods. Radiology 227:795–801PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Ulzheimer S, Kalender WA (2003) Assessment of calcium scoring performance in cardiac computed tomography. Eur Radiol 13:484–497PubMed Ulzheimer S, Kalender WA (2003) Assessment of calcium scoring performance in cardiac computed tomography. Eur Radiol 13:484–497PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr, Detrano R (1990) Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:827–832PubMedCrossRef Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr, Detrano R (1990) Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:827–832PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Leschka S, Alkadhi H, Plass A, Desbiolles L, Grunenfelder J, Marincek B, Wildermuth S (2005) Accuracy of MSCT coronary angiography with 64-slice technology: first experience. Eur Heart J 26:1482–1487PubMedCrossRef Leschka S, Alkadhi H, Plass A, Desbiolles L, Grunenfelder J, Marincek B, Wildermuth S (2005) Accuracy of MSCT coronary angiography with 64-slice technology: first experience. Eur Heart J 26:1482–1487PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Nieman K, Cademartiri F, Lemos PA, Raaijmakers R, Pattynama PM, De Feyter PJ (2002) Reliable noninvasive coronary angiography with fast submillimeter multislice spiral computed tomography. Circulation 106:2051–2054PubMedCrossRef Nieman K, Cademartiri F, Lemos PA, Raaijmakers R, Pattynama PM, De Feyter PJ (2002) Reliable noninvasive coronary angiography with fast submillimeter multislice spiral computed tomography. Circulation 106:2051–2054PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Schuijf JD, Bax JJ, Shaw LJ, de Roos A, Lamb HJ, van der Wall EE, Wijns W (2006) Meta-analysis of comparative diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging and multislice computed tomography for noninvasive coronary angiography. Am Heart J 151:404–411PubMedCrossRef Schuijf JD, Bax JJ, Shaw LJ, de Roos A, Lamb HJ, van der Wall EE, Wijns W (2006) Meta-analysis of comparative diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging and multislice computed tomography for noninvasive coronary angiography. Am Heart J 151:404–411PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Leber AW, Knez A, Becker C, Becker A, White C, Thilo C, Reiser M, Haberl R, Steinbeck G (2003) Non-invasive intravenous coronary angiography using electron beam tomography and multislice computed tomography. Heart 89:633–639PubMedCrossRef Leber AW, Knez A, Becker C, Becker A, White C, Thilo C, Reiser M, Haberl R, Steinbeck G (2003) Non-invasive intravenous coronary angiography using electron beam tomography and multislice computed tomography. Heart 89:633–639PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Achenbach S, Ropers D, Kuettner A, Flohr T, Ohnesorge B, Bruder H, Theessen H, Karakaya M, Daniel WG, Bautz W, Kalender WA, Anders K (2006) Contrast-enhanced coronary artery visualization by dual-source computed tomography–initial experience. Eur J Radiol 57:331–335PubMedCrossRef Achenbach S, Ropers D, Kuettner A, Flohr T, Ohnesorge B, Bruder H, Theessen H, Karakaya M, Daniel WG, Bautz W, Kalender WA, Anders K (2006) Contrast-enhanced coronary artery visualization by dual-source computed tomography–initial experience. Eur J Radiol 57:331–335PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat White CW, Wright CB, Doty DB, Hiratza LF, Eastham CL, Harrison DG, Marcus ML (1984) Does visual interpretation of the coronary arteriogram predict the physiologic importance of a coronary stenosis? N Engl J Med 310:819–824PubMedCrossRef White CW, Wright CB, Doty DB, Hiratza LF, Eastham CL, Harrison DG, Marcus ML (1984) Does visual interpretation of the coronary arteriogram predict the physiologic importance of a coronary stenosis? N Engl J Med 310:819–824PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Deibler AR, Kuzo RS, Vohringer M, Page EE, Safford RE, Patron JN, Lane GE, Morin RL, Gerber TC (2004) Imaging of congenital coronary anomalies with multislice computed tomography. Mayo Clin Proc 79:1017–1023PubMed Deibler AR, Kuzo RS, Vohringer M, Page EE, Safford RE, Patron JN, Lane GE, Morin RL, Gerber TC (2004) Imaging of congenital coronary anomalies with multislice computed tomography. Mayo Clin Proc 79:1017–1023PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Imazeki T, Sato Y, Inoue F, Anazawa T, Tani S, Matsumoto N, Takayama T, Uchiyama T, Saito S (2004) Evaluation of coronary artery remodeling in patients with acute coronary syndrome and stable angina by multislice computed tomography. Circ J 68:1045–1050PubMedCrossRef Imazeki T, Sato Y, Inoue F, Anazawa T, Tani S, Matsumoto N, Takayama T, Uchiyama T, Saito S (2004) Evaluation of coronary artery remodeling in patients with acute coronary syndrome and stable angina by multislice computed tomography. Circ J 68:1045–1050PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM (2000) Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1262–1275PubMed Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM (2000) Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1262–1275PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Kopp AF, Schroeder S, Baumbach A, Kuettner A, Georg C, Ohnesorge B, Heuschmid M, Kuzo R, Claussen CD (2001) Non-invasive characterisation of coronary lesion morphology and composition by multislice CT: first results in comparison with intracoronary ultrasound. Eur Radiol 11:1607–1611PubMedCrossRef Kopp AF, Schroeder S, Baumbach A, Kuettner A, Georg C, Ohnesorge B, Heuschmid M, Kuzo R, Claussen CD (2001) Non-invasive characterisation of coronary lesion morphology and composition by multislice CT: first results in comparison with intracoronary ultrasound. Eur Radiol 11:1607–1611PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Becker CR, Nikolaou K, Muders M, Babaryka G, Crispin A, Schoepf UJ, Loehrs U, Reiser MF (2003) Ex vivo coronary atherosclerotic plaque characterization with multi-detector-row CT. Eur Radiol 13:2094–2098PubMedCrossRef Becker CR, Nikolaou K, Muders M, Babaryka G, Crispin A, Schoepf UJ, Loehrs U, Reiser MF (2003) Ex vivo coronary atherosclerotic plaque characterization with multi-detector-row CT. Eur Radiol 13:2094–2098PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Schoenhagen P, Tuzcu EM, Stillman AE, Stillman AE, Moliterno DJ, Halliburton SS, Kuzmiak SA, Kasper JM, Magyar WA, Lieber ML, Nissen SE, White RD (2003) Non-invasive assessment of plaque morphology and remodeling in mildly stenotic coronary segments: comparison of 16-slice computed tomography and intravascular ultrasound. Coron Artery Dis 14:459–462PubMedCrossRef Schoenhagen P, Tuzcu EM, Stillman AE, Stillman AE, Moliterno DJ, Halliburton SS, Kuzmiak SA, Kasper JM, Magyar WA, Lieber ML, Nissen SE, White RD (2003) Non-invasive assessment of plaque morphology and remodeling in mildly stenotic coronary segments: comparison of 16-slice computed tomography and intravascular ultrasound. Coron Artery Dis 14:459–462PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kunimasa T, Sato Y, Sugi K, Moroi M (2005) Evaluation by multislice computed tomography of atherosclerotic coronary artery plaques in non-culprit, remote coronary arteries of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circ J 69:1346–1351PubMedCrossRef Kunimasa T, Sato Y, Sugi K, Moroi M (2005) Evaluation by multislice computed tomography of atherosclerotic coronary artery plaques in non-culprit, remote coronary arteries of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circ J 69:1346–1351PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Maintz D, Grude M, Fallenberg EM, Heindel W, Fischbach R (2003) Assessment of coronary arterial stents by multislice-CT angiography. Acta Radiol 44:597–603PubMedCrossRef Maintz D, Grude M, Fallenberg EM, Heindel W, Fischbach R (2003) Assessment of coronary arterial stents by multislice-CT angiography. Acta Radiol 44:597–603PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Kruger S, Mahnken AH, Sinha AM, Borghans A, Dedden K, Hoffmann R, Hanrath P (2003) Multislice spiral computed tomography for the detection of coronary stent restenosis and patency. Int J Cardiol 89:167–172PubMed Kruger S, Mahnken AH, Sinha AM, Borghans A, Dedden K, Hoffmann R, Hanrath P (2003) Multislice spiral computed tomography for the detection of coronary stent restenosis and patency. Int J Cardiol 89:167–172PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Schuijf JD, Bax JJ, Jukema JW, Lamb HJ, Warda HM, Vliegen HW, de Roos A, van der Wall EE (2004) Feasibility of assessment of coronary stent patency using 16-slice computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 94:427–430PubMedCrossRef Schuijf JD, Bax JJ, Jukema JW, Lamb HJ, Warda HM, Vliegen HW, de Roos A, van der Wall EE (2004) Feasibility of assessment of coronary stent patency using 16-slice computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 94:427–430PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Buecker A, Wildberger JE, Ruebben A, Stanzel S, Vogt F, Gunther RW, Blindt R (2004) Coronary artery stents in multislice computed tomography: in vitro artifact evaluation. Invest Radiol 39:27–33PubMedCrossRef Mahnken AH, Buecker A, Wildberger JE, Ruebben A, Stanzel S, Vogt F, Gunther RW, Blindt R (2004) Coronary artery stents in multislice computed tomography: in vitro artifact evaluation. Invest Radiol 39:27–33PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilard M, Cornily JC, Pennec PY, Le Gal G, Nonent M, Mansourati J, Blanc JJ, Boschat J (2006) Assessment of coronary artery stents by 16 slice computed tomography. Heart 92:58–61PubMedCrossRef Gilard M, Cornily JC, Pennec PY, Le Gal G, Nonent M, Mansourati J, Blanc JJ, Boschat J (2006) Assessment of coronary artery stents by 16 slice computed tomography. Heart 92:58–61PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Maintz D, Seifarth H, Raupach R, Flohr T, Rink M, Sommer T, Ozgun M, Heindel W, Fischbach R (2006) 64-slice multidetector coronary CT angiography: in vitro evaluation of 68 different stents. Eur Radiol 16:818–826PubMedCrossRef Maintz D, Seifarth H, Raupach R, Flohr T, Rink M, Sommer T, Ozgun M, Heindel W, Fischbach R (2006) 64-slice multidetector coronary CT angiography: in vitro evaluation of 68 different stents. Eur Radiol 16:818–826PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Herzog C, Dogan S, Diebold T, Khan MF, Ackermann H, Schaller S, Flohr TG, Wimmer-Greinecker G, Moritz A, Vogl TJ (2003) Multi-detector row CT versus coronary angiography: preoperative evaluation before totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting. Radiology 229:200–208PubMedCrossRef Herzog C, Dogan S, Diebold T, Khan MF, Ackermann H, Schaller S, Flohr TG, Wimmer-Greinecker G, Moritz A, Vogl TJ (2003) Multi-detector row CT versus coronary angiography: preoperative evaluation before totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting. Radiology 229:200–208PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi H, Aschoff AJ, Brambs HJ, Hoffmann MH (2004) Multislice CT imaging of anomalous coronary arteries. Eur Radiol 14:2172–2181PubMedCrossRef Shi H, Aschoff AJ, Brambs HJ, Hoffmann MH (2004) Multislice CT imaging of anomalous coronary arteries. Eur Radiol 14:2172–2181PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Stein PD, Beemath A, Skaf E, Kayali F, Janjua M, Alesh I, Olson RE (2005) Usefulness of 4-, 8-, and 16-slice computed tomography for detection of graft occlusion or patency after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 96:1669–1673PubMedCrossRef Stein PD, Beemath A, Skaf E, Kayali F, Janjua M, Alesh I, Olson RE (2005) Usefulness of 4-, 8-, and 16-slice computed tomography for detection of graft occlusion or patency after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 96:1669–1673PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiurlia E, Menozzi M, Ratti C, Romagnoli R, Modena MG (2005) Follow-up of coronary artery bypass graft patency by multislice computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 95:1094–1097PubMedCrossRef Chiurlia E, Menozzi M, Ratti C, Romagnoli R, Modena MG (2005) Follow-up of coronary artery bypass graft patency by multislice computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 95:1094–1097PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Raman SV, Shah M, McCarthy B, Garcia A, Ferketich AK (2006) Multi-detector row cardiac computed tomography accurately quantifies right and left ventricular size and function compared with cardiac magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 151:736–744PubMedCrossRef Raman SV, Shah M, McCarthy B, Garcia A, Ferketich AK (2006) Multi-detector row cardiac computed tomography accurately quantifies right and left ventricular size and function compared with cardiac magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 151:736–744PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Juergens KU, Grude M, Fallenberg EM, Opitz C, Wichter T, Heindel W, Fischbach R (2002) Using ECG-gated multidetector CT to evaluate global left ventricular myocardial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Roentgenol 179:1545–1550 Juergens KU, Grude M, Fallenberg EM, Opitz C, Wichter T, Heindel W, Fischbach R (2002) Using ECG-gated multidetector CT to evaluate global left ventricular myocardial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Roentgenol 179:1545–1550
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Lessick J, Mutlak D, Rispler S, Ghersin E, Dragu R, Litmanovich D, Engel A, Reisner SA, Agmon Y (2005) Comparison of multidetector computed tomography versus echocardiography for assessing regional left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 96:1011–1015PubMedCrossRef Lessick J, Mutlak D, Rispler S, Ghersin E, Dragu R, Litmanovich D, Engel A, Reisner SA, Agmon Y (2005) Comparison of multidetector computed tomography versus echocardiography for assessing regional left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 96:1011–1015PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Schlosser T, Pagonidis K, Herborn CU, Hunold P, Waltering KU, Lauenstein TC, Barkhausen J (2005) Assessment of left ventricular parameters using 16-MDCT and new software for endocardial and epicardial border delineation. Am J Roentgenol 184:765–773 Schlosser T, Pagonidis K, Herborn CU, Hunold P, Waltering KU, Lauenstein TC, Barkhausen J (2005) Assessment of left ventricular parameters using 16-MDCT and new software for endocardial and epicardial border delineation. Am J Roentgenol 184:765–773
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Heuschmid M, Rothfuss JK, Schroeder S, Fenchel M, Stauder N, Burgstahler C, Franow A, Kuzo RS, Kuettner A, Miller S, Claussen CD, Kopp AF (2006) Assessment of left ventricular myocardial function using 16-slice multidetector-row computed tomography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography. Eur Radiol 16:551–559PubMedCrossRef Heuschmid M, Rothfuss JK, Schroeder S, Fenchel M, Stauder N, Burgstahler C, Franow A, Kuzo RS, Kuettner A, Miller S, Claussen CD, Kopp AF (2006) Assessment of left ventricular myocardial function using 16-slice multidetector-row computed tomography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography. Eur Radiol 16:551–559PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Boehm T, Alkadhi H, Roffi M, Willmann JK, Desbiolles LM, Marincek B, Wildermuth S (2004) Time-effectiveness, observer-dependence, and accuracy of measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction using 4-channel MDCT. Fortschr Rontgenstr 176:529–537CrossRef Boehm T, Alkadhi H, Roffi M, Willmann JK, Desbiolles LM, Marincek B, Wildermuth S (2004) Time-effectiveness, observer-dependence, and accuracy of measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction using 4-channel MDCT. Fortschr Rontgenstr 176:529–537CrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Dewey M, Muller M, Teige F, Hamm B (2006) Evaluation of a semiautomatic software tool for left ventricular function analysis with 16-slice computed tomography. Eur Radiol 16:25–31PubMedCrossRef Dewey M, Muller M, Teige F, Hamm B (2006) Evaluation of a semiautomatic software tool for left ventricular function analysis with 16-slice computed tomography. Eur Radiol 16:25–31PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Katoh M, Bruners P, Spuentrup E, Wildberger JE, Gunther RW, Buecker A (2005) Acute myocardial infarction: assessment of left ventricular function with 16-detector row spiral CT versus MR imaging–study in pigs. Radiology 236:112–117PubMedCrossRef Mahnken AH, Katoh M, Bruners P, Spuentrup E, Wildberger JE, Gunther RW, Buecker A (2005) Acute myocardial infarction: assessment of left ventricular function with 16-detector row spiral CT versus MR imaging–study in pigs. Radiology 236:112–117PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Hohl C, Suess C, Bruder H, Muhlenbruch G, Das M, Gunther RW, Wildberger JE (2006) Influence of heart rate and temporal resolution on left-ventricular volumes in cardiac multislice spiral computed tomography: a phantom study. Invest Radiol 41:429–435PubMedCrossRef Mahnken AH, Hohl C, Suess C, Bruder H, Muhlenbruch G, Das M, Gunther RW, Wildberger JE (2006) Influence of heart rate and temporal resolution on left-ventricular volumes in cardiac multislice spiral computed tomography: a phantom study. Invest Radiol 41:429–435PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Nikolaou K, Knez A, Sagmeister S, Wintersperger BJ, Boekstegers P, Steinbeck G, Reiser MF, Becker CR (2004) Assessment of myocardial infarctions using multidetector-row computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28:286–292PubMedCrossRef Nikolaou K, Knez A, Sagmeister S, Wintersperger BJ, Boekstegers P, Steinbeck G, Reiser MF, Becker CR (2004) Assessment of myocardial infarctions using multidetector-row computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28:286–292PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohlenkamp S, Lerman LO, Lerman A, Behrenbeck TR, Katusic ZS, Sheedy II PF, Ritman EL (2000) Minimally invasive evaluation of coronary microvascular function by electron beam computed tomography. Circulation 102:2411–2416 Mohlenkamp S, Lerman LO, Lerman A, Behrenbeck TR, Katusic ZS, Sheedy II PF, Ritman EL (2000) Minimally invasive evaluation of coronary microvascular function by electron beam computed tomography. Circulation 102:2411–2416
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Bruners P, Katoh M, Wildberger JE, Günther RW, Buecker A (2006) Dynamic multi-section CT imaging in acute myocardial infarction: preliminary animal experience. Eur Radiol 16:746–752PubMedCrossRef Mahnken AH, Bruners P, Katoh M, Wildberger JE, Günther RW, Buecker A (2006) Dynamic multi-section CT imaging in acute myocardial infarction: preliminary animal experience. Eur Radiol 16:746–752PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Koos R, Katoh M, Wildberger JE, Spuentrup E, Buecker A, Gunther RW, Kuhl HP (2005) Assessment of myocardial viability in reperfused acute myocardial infarction using 16-slice computed tomography in comparison to magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:2042–2047PubMedCrossRef Mahnken AH, Koos R, Katoh M, Wildberger JE, Spuentrup E, Buecker A, Gunther RW, Kuhl HP (2005) Assessment of myocardial viability in reperfused acute myocardial infarction using 16-slice computed tomography in comparison to magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:2042–2047PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Lardo AC, Cordeiro MA, Silva C, Amado LC, George RT, Saliaris AP, Schuleri KH, Fernandes VR, Zviman M, Nazarian S, Halperin HR, Wu KC, Hare JM, Lima JA (2006) Contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography viability imaging after myocardial infarction: characterization of myocyte death, microvascular obstruction, and chronic scar. Circulation 113:394–404PubMedCrossRef Lardo AC, Cordeiro MA, Silva C, Amado LC, George RT, Saliaris AP, Schuleri KH, Fernandes VR, Zviman M, Nazarian S, Halperin HR, Wu KC, Hare JM, Lima JA (2006) Contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography viability imaging after myocardial infarction: characterization of myocyte death, microvascular obstruction, and chronic scar. Circulation 113:394–404PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Paul JF, Wartski M, Caussin C, Sigal-Cinqualbre A, Lancelin B, Angel C, Dambrin G (2005) Late defect on delayed contrast-enhanced multi-detector row CT scans in the prediction of SPECT infarct size after reperfused acute myocardial infarction: initial experience. Radiology 236:485–489PubMedCrossRef Paul JF, Wartski M, Caussin C, Sigal-Cinqualbre A, Lancelin B, Angel C, Dambrin G (2005) Late defect on delayed contrast-enhanced multi-detector row CT scans in the prediction of SPECT infarct size after reperfused acute myocardial infarction: initial experience. Radiology 236:485–489PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerber BL, Belge B, Legros GJ, Lim P, Poncelet A, Pasquet A, Gisellu G, Coche E, Vanoverschelde JLJ (2006) Characterization of acute and chronic myocardial infarcts by multidetector computed tomography: comparison with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance. Circulation 113:823–833PubMedCrossRef Gerber BL, Belge B, Legros GJ, Lim P, Poncelet A, Pasquet A, Gisellu G, Coche E, Vanoverschelde JLJ (2006) Characterization of acute and chronic myocardial infarcts by multidetector computed tomography: comparison with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance. Circulation 113:823–833PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Buecker A, Katoh M, Krombach GA, Spuentrup E, Bruners P, Gunther RW, Niendorf T, Mahnken AH (2005) A feasibility study of contrast enhancement of acute myocardial infarction in multislice computed tomography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and gross morphology in pigs. Invest Radiol 40:700–704PubMedCrossRef Buecker A, Katoh M, Krombach GA, Spuentrup E, Bruners P, Gunther RW, Niendorf T, Mahnken AH (2005) A feasibility study of contrast enhancement of acute myocardial infarction in multislice computed tomography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and gross morphology in pigs. Invest Radiol 40:700–704PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Wildberger JE (2006) Multislice spiral computed tomography for assessment of myocardial viability in myocardial infarction. Eur Radiol 16 (Suppl 1):S493 Mahnken AH, Wildberger JE (2006) Multislice spiral computed tomography for assessment of myocardial viability in myocardial infarction. Eur Radiol 16 (Suppl 1):S493
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Hunold P, Schlosser T, Vogt FM, Eggebrecht H, Schmermund A, Bruder O, Schuler WO, Barkhausen J (2005) Myocardial late enhancement in contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI: distinction between infarction scar and non-infarction-related disease. Am J Roentgenol 184:1420–1426 Hunold P, Schlosser T, Vogt FM, Eggebrecht H, Schmermund A, Bruder O, Schuler WO, Barkhausen J (2005) Myocardial late enhancement in contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI: distinction between infarction scar and non-infarction-related disease. Am J Roentgenol 184:1420–1426
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahnken AH, Koos R, Wildberger JE, Stanzel S, Das M, Muhlenbruch G, Sinha AM, Gunther RW (2004) Value of cardiac multislice spiral CT for the assessment of degenerative aortic stenosis: comparison with echocardiography (in German). Fortschr Rontgenstr 176:1582–1588CrossRef Mahnken AH, Koos R, Wildberger JE, Stanzel S, Das M, Muhlenbruch G, Sinha AM, Gunther RW (2004) Value of cardiac multislice spiral CT for the assessment of degenerative aortic stenosis: comparison with echocardiography (in German). Fortschr Rontgenstr 176:1582–1588CrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Koos R, Mahnken AH, Sinha AM, Wildberger JE, Hoffmann R, Kuehl HP (2004) Aortic valve calcification as a marker for aortic stenosis severity: assessment on 16-MDCT. Am J Roentgenol 183:1813–1818 Koos R, Mahnken AH, Sinha AM, Wildberger JE, Hoffmann R, Kuehl HP (2004) Aortic valve calcification as a marker for aortic stenosis severity: assessment on 16-MDCT. Am J Roentgenol 183:1813–1818
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Morghan-Hughes GJ, Owens PE, Roobottom CA, Marshall AJ (2003) Three dimensional volume quantification of aortic valve calcification using multislice computed tomography. Heart 89:1191–1194CrossRef Morghan-Hughes GJ, Owens PE, Roobottom CA, Marshall AJ (2003) Three dimensional volume quantification of aortic valve calcification using multislice computed tomography. Heart 89:1191–1194CrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Willmann JK, Weishaupt D, Lachat M, Kobza R, Roos JE, Seifert B, Luscher TF, Marincek B, Hilfiker PR (2002) Electrocardiographically gated multi-detector row CT for assessment of valvular morphology and calcification in aortic stenosis. Radiology 225:120–128PubMedCrossRef Willmann JK, Weishaupt D, Lachat M, Kobza R, Roos JE, Seifert B, Luscher TF, Marincek B, Hilfiker PR (2002) Electrocardiographically gated multi-detector row CT for assessment of valvular morphology and calcification in aortic stenosis. Radiology 225:120–128PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Jongbloed MR, Lamb HJ, Bax JJ, Schuijf JD, de Roos A, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ (2005) Noninvasive visualization of the cardiac venous system using multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:749–753PubMedCrossRef Jongbloed MR, Lamb HJ, Bax JJ, Schuijf JD, de Roos A, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ (2005) Noninvasive visualization of the cardiac venous system using multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:749–753PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Muhlenbruch G, Koos R, Wildberger JE, Gunther RW, Mahnken AH (2005) Imaging of the cardiac venous system: comparison of MDCT and conventional angiography. Am J Roentgenol 185:1252–1257CrossRef Muhlenbruch G, Koos R, Wildberger JE, Gunther RW, Mahnken AH (2005) Imaging of the cardiac venous system: comparison of MDCT and conventional angiography. Am J Roentgenol 185:1252–1257CrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Leber AW, Knez A, von Ziegler F, Becker A, Nikolaou K, Paul S, Wintersperger B, Reiser M, Becker CR, Steinbeck G, Boekstegers P (2005) Quantification of obstructive and nonobstructive coronary lesions by 64-slice computed tomography: a comparative study with quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:147–154PubMedCrossRef Leber AW, Knez A, von Ziegler F, Becker A, Nikolaou K, Paul S, Wintersperger B, Reiser M, Becker CR, Steinbeck G, Boekstegers P (2005) Quantification of obstructive and nonobstructive coronary lesions by 64-slice computed tomography: a comparative study with quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:147–154PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Raff GL, Gallagher MJ, O’Neill WW, Goldstein JA (2005) Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography using 64-slice spiral computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:552–557PubMedCrossRef Raff GL, Gallagher MJ, O’Neill WW, Goldstein JA (2005) Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography using 64-slice spiral computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:552–557PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehara M, Surmely JF, Kawai M, Katoh O, Matsubara T, Terashima M, Tsuchikane E, Kinoshita Y, Suzuki T, Ito T, Takeda Y, Nasu K, Tanaka N, Murata A, Suzuki Y, Sato K, Suzuki T (2006) Diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography for detecting angiographically significant coronary artery stenosis in an unselected consecutive patient population: comparison with conventional invasive angiography. Circ J 70:564–571PubMedCrossRef Ehara M, Surmely JF, Kawai M, Katoh O, Matsubara T, Terashima M, Tsuchikane E, Kinoshita Y, Suzuki T, Ito T, Takeda Y, Nasu K, Tanaka N, Murata A, Suzuki Y, Sato K, Suzuki T (2006) Diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography for detecting angiographically significant coronary artery stenosis in an unselected consecutive patient population: comparison with conventional invasive angiography. Circ J 70:564–571PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaspar T, Halon DA, Lewis BS, Adawi S, Schliamser JE, Rubinshtein R, Flugelman MY, Peled N (2005) Diagnosis of coronary in-stent restenosis with multidetector row spiral computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1573–1579PubMedCrossRef Gaspar T, Halon DA, Lewis BS, Adawi S, Schliamser JE, Rubinshtein R, Flugelman MY, Peled N (2005) Diagnosis of coronary in-stent restenosis with multidetector row spiral computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1573–1579PubMedCrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Cademartiri F, Marano R, Runza G, Mollet N, Nieman K, Luccichenti G, Gualerzi M, Brambilla L, Coruzzi P, Galia M, Midiri M (2005) Non-invasive assessment of coronary artery stent patency with multislice CT: preliminary experience. Radiol Med (Torino) 109:500–507 Cademartiri F, Marano R, Runza G, Mollet N, Nieman K, Luccichenti G, Gualerzi M, Brambilla L, Coruzzi P, Galia M, Midiri M (2005) Non-invasive assessment of coronary artery stent patency with multislice CT: preliminary experience. Radiol Med (Torino) 109:500–507
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Cademartiri F, Mollet N, Lemos PA, Pugliese F, Baks T, McFadden EP, Krestin GP, de Feyter PJ (2005) Usefulness of multislice computed tomographic coronary angiography to assess in-stent restenosis. Am J Cardiol 96:799–802PubMedCrossRef Cademartiri F, Mollet N, Lemos PA, Pugliese F, Baks T, McFadden EP, Krestin GP, de Feyter PJ (2005) Usefulness of multislice computed tomographic coronary angiography to assess in-stent restenosis. Am J Cardiol 96:799–802PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilard M, Cornily JC, Rioufol G, Finet G, Pennec PY, Mansourati J, Blanc JJ, Boschat J (2005) Noninvasive assessment of left main coronary stent patency with 16-slice computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 95:110–112PubMedCrossRef Gilard M, Cornily JC, Rioufol G, Finet G, Pennec PY, Mansourati J, Blanc JJ, Boschat J (2005) Noninvasive assessment of left main coronary stent patency with 16-slice computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 95:110–112PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Cardiac CT: coronary arteries and beyond
verfasst von
Andreas H. Mahnken
Georg Mühlenbruch
Rolf W. Günther
Joachim E. Wildberger
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2007
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
European Radiology / Ausgabe 4/2007
Print ISSN: 0938-7994
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1084
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0433-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2007

European Radiology 4/2007 Zur Ausgabe

Screening-Mammografie offenbart erhöhtes Herz-Kreislauf-Risiko

26.04.2024 Mammografie Nachrichten

Routinemäßige Mammografien helfen, Brustkrebs frühzeitig zu erkennen. Anhand der Röntgenuntersuchung lassen sich aber auch kardiovaskuläre Risikopatientinnen identifizieren. Als zuverlässiger Anhaltspunkt gilt die Verkalkung der Brustarterien.

S3-Leitlinie zu Pankreaskrebs aktualisiert

23.04.2024 Pankreaskarzinom Nachrichten

Die Empfehlungen zur Therapie des Pankreaskarzinoms wurden um zwei Off-Label-Anwendungen erweitert. Und auch im Bereich der Früherkennung gibt es Aktualisierungen.

Fünf Dinge, die im Kindernotfall besser zu unterlassen sind

18.04.2024 Pädiatrische Notfallmedizin Nachrichten

Im Choosing-Wisely-Programm, das für die deutsche Initiative „Klug entscheiden“ Pate gestanden hat, sind erstmals Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit Notfällen von Kindern erschienen. Fünf Dinge gilt es demnach zu vermeiden.

„Nur wer sich gut aufgehoben fühlt, kann auch für Patientensicherheit sorgen“

13.04.2024 Klinik aktuell Kongressbericht

Die Teilnehmer eines Forums beim DGIM-Kongress waren sich einig: Fehler in der Medizin sind häufig in ungeeigneten Prozessen und mangelnder Kommunikation begründet. Gespräche mit Patienten und im Team können helfen.

Update Radiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.