Background
In China, the prevalence of osteoporosis among people aged 40 years and older is 5.0% among men and 20.6% among women [
1]. By 2050, the total number of osteoporosis patients in China is expected to reach 212 million [
2]. The loss of bone mass represents a higher risk of fragility fracture [
3]. Of all osteoporotic fractures, osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) is the most common fracture type, accounting for nearly 50% [
4]. Vertebral fractures cause significant back pain and restricted movement, reducing the quality of life of elderly patients. Long-term bed rest also increases the risk of adverse events such as dropdown pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, and bedsores, which pose a serious burden on families and society [
5]. Vertebroplasty was first proposed by Galibert and applied in the treatment of vertebral hemangioma. Since then, it has been applied in the treatment of OVCF caused by osteoporosis, myeloma, and trauma. Compared with conservative therapy, vertebroplasty is a safe and effective procedure with the advantages of rapid pain relief and short recovery time [
6,
7].
Although vertebroplasty provides rapid pain relief and functional recovery, some patients will present with complications including refracture, spinal cord compression, infection, nerve root injury, and embolism. The most widely investigated complication is adjacent vertebral compression fracture (AVCF) with an incidence of 6.8–37.5% [
8]. Some of these patients require further treatment, causing an additional financial burden. The incidence of AVCF after vertebroplasty may be influenced both by patient characteristics and operative factors. Risk factors for AVCF have been identified, including low bone mineral density (BMD), bone cement distribution, bone cement leakage, vertebral height restoration, and number of treated vertebrae [
2,
9‐
11]. However, the results of studies are often inconclusive or contradictory. Moreover, there are few clinical risk prediction models for AVCF after vertebroplasty which makes it difficult for clinicians to effectively manage OVCF patients. This study aims to retrospectively analyze the risk factors for new AVCF after vertebroplasty and establish a clinical prediction model, so as to guide clinical treatment.
Discussion
Vertebroplasty, as a minimally invasive treatment technique, is considered to be the first choice for the treatment of patients with OVCF, as it has the advantages of rapid pain relief and short recovery time [
13‐
15]. However, AVCF is one of the major complications of vertebroplasty. There are many factors that may influence AVCF, such as sex, age, BMI, BMD, diffusion of bone cement, and dosage of cement [
15,
16]. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that low BMD, leakage of bone cement, and an “O” shaped distribution of bone cement were independent risk factors for AVCF after vertebroplasty.
Different distributions of bone cement during surgery have different effects on the stress on the vertebral body and adjacent vertebrae. Compared with the vertebral body with uniform distribution of bone cement, the vertebral body with inadequate distribution of bone cement showed significantly increased Von mises stress in vertical, flexion, extension, and lateral bending [
17]. The excellent distribution of bone cement is an important factor influencing the clinical outcomes after vertebroplasty [
18]. Patients will have better pain relief and fewer complications with higher dispersion distribution grades of bone cement [
19]. Our study found that the bone cement in the refracture group was more likely to show the “O” shape (69.8% vs. 31.5%). A study by He et al. [
12] showed that the distribution force mode of bone cement of the “H” shape was better than that of the “O” shape, so a “H” shaped distribution can achieve better clinical recovery in the short-term. Therefore, in order to reduce the refracture rate of adjacent vertebral bodies after vertebroplasty, surgeons should optimize the distribution of bone cement. According to our study, the puncture needle angle and the puncture depth should not be too large so as to avoid the formation of “O” shaped bone cement. If “O” shaped bone cement is found during the operation, an appropriate amount of puncture needle can be pulled out, part of the bone cement can be repaired, and the bone cement can be fully dispersed in the vertebral body as far as possible.
BMD, as measured by DXA, has been used for definition of osteoporosis since the mid-1990s [
3]. Bone loss means a loss of vertebral strength, causing fragility fractures as a result of a slight fall or even sneezing [
20]. There are many research studies that have shown that low BMD is a risk factor for AVCF after vertebroplasty [
21‐
23]. In our study, the BMD of patients in the refracture group was significantly lower than that in the non-refracture group. All the patients in this study experienced low energy injury. Severe osteoporosis is the main cause of OVCF in most patients. The effects of degenerative bone changes on BMD are complex and many factors can lead to bone loss, such as advanced age, abnormal bone metabolism, and metabolic disease [
24‐
26]. It is particularly important to carry out effective intervention for osteoporosis in patients after surgery. In a study of 192 patients with OVCF treated with antiosteoporosis drugs, the incidence of refracture was significantly lower in those who received regular therapy after 6 months of follow-up [
27]. Therefore, anti-osteoporotic treatment should be a routine treatment in patients with OVCF who undergo vertebral augmentation, with the aim of decreasing the occurrence of AVCF.
Leakage of bone cement is one of the major complications of vertebroplasty [
28,
29]. A large number of studies have shown that leakage of bone cement will increase the risk of AVCF after vertebroplasty [
30‐
32]. Bone cement will aggravate the degenerative injury of the intervertebral disc which can change the stress distribution of the intervertebral disc, reducing its buffering effect [
33]. Moreover, intradiscal cement leakage results in a more severe “pillarlike” effect on adjacent vertebra [
34]. Consistent with previous studies, our study shows that the proportion of patients with leakage of bone cement in the refracture group (62.8%) was significantly higher than that in the non-refracture group (17.6%). A variety of risk factors for leakage of bone cement have been identified including intravertebral cleft, higher fracture severity grade, larger volume of bone cement, and low cement viscosity [
35‐
38]. Prevention of bone cement leakage is an important initiative to reduce AVCF. It is recommended that the morphology, compression degree, and cortical integrity of the injured vertebrae are evaluated via imaging examinations before surgery to help determine the most reasonable surgical approach and depth, which is placement of the tip of the needle in the front one-third of the vertebral body or at least more than one-half, while keeping a safe distance from the vertebral wall and intravertebral cleft [
39]. During the operation, the distribution of bone cement was dynamically monitored according to the fluoroscopy situation, and the injection speed was adjusted in a timely fashion. When bone cement leakage occurs, the injection should be stopped, and the bone cement volume and filling degree should not be excessively pursued.
In view of the high incidence of refracture in patients with clinical OVCF, it is particularly important to predict AVCF so as to carry out targeted prevention. In a previous study, Zhong et al. [
32] established a fracture prediction scoring system according to the independent risk factors and Cox regression analysis to set the leakage of bone cement on a 4-point scale with preexisting fracture assigned 2 points. Results showed that a score of 0, 2, 4, and 6 corresponded to an incidence of subsequent fracture by 2 years of 3.3%, 8.7%, 19.9%, and 45.1%, respectively, and the c statistic of the validation model was 0.72. Our prediction model was based on BMD, leakage of bone cement, and shape of bone cement. All variables included in the nomogram were easy to determine. The model showed good predictive ability in that the AUC of the model was 0.848 and that of the validation model was 0.864. Our model has high prediction accuracy and selected predictors that can be considered as interventions during and after surgery. According to our study, in order to reduce the incidence of AVCF after vertebroplasty, we suggest that the bone cement should be sufficiently dispersed during the operation to avoid the stacking of bone cement. Leakage of cement can be avoided through detailed preoperative evaluation and careful intraoperative procedures. Long-term regular anti-osteoporosis treatment should be administered for patients with severe osteoporosis after surgery. It is of great significance to visually evaluate the risk of postoperative refracture and provide clinicians with a tool for predicting the occurrence of postoperative AVCF.
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