The clinical effect of stent treatment has been evaluated by mainly physicians; only a limited number of prospective studies have used patient-reported outcomes for this purpose. The aim of this work was to study the clinical effect of self-expanding metal stents in treatment of malignant gastrointestinal obstructions, as evaluated by patient-reported outcomes, and compare the rating of the treatment effect by patients and physicians.
Methods
Between November 2006 and April 2008, 273 patients treated with SEMS for malignant GI and biliary obstructions were recruited from nine Norwegian hospitals. Patients and physicians assessed symptoms independently at the time of treatment and after 2 weeks using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 questionnaire supplemented with specific questions related to obstruction.
Results
A total of 162 patients (99 males; median age = 72 years) completed both assessments and were included in the study. A significant improvement in the mean global health score was observed after 2 weeks (from 9 to 18 on a 0–100 scale, P < 0.03) for all stent locations. Both patients and physicians reported a significant reduction in all obstruction-related symptoms (>20 on the 0–100 scale, P < 0.006) after SEMS treatment. The physicians reported a larger mean improvement in symptoms than did the patients, mainly because they reported more severe symptoms before treatment.
Conclusion
SEMS treatment is effective in relieving symptoms of malignant GI and biliary obstruction, as reported by patients and physicians. The physicians, however, reported a larger reduction in obstructive symptoms than did the patients. A prospective assessment of patient-reported outcomes is important in evaluating SEMS treatment.
Palliative treatment with self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) is regarded as a safe and highly effective procedure for relief of symptoms caused by malignant obstructions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [1‐8]. Most studies concerning treatment with SEMS, whether randomized, comparative, or merely descriptive, focus on technical success (e.g., correct deployment of the stent), clinical success (restored passage), procedure-related complications, and cost-effectiveness. Typically, the clinical outcomes of SEMS treatment have been evaluated by the physician [9]; only a few prospective studies reported repeated symptom assessments by the patient [10‐16]. Since patients’ and physicians’ ratings of treatment effects do not always correspond well, palliative treatment efforts such as SEMS for malignant GI obstructions should be evaluated by individual outcome measures reported by the patients as well as by the physicians [17‐22].
The main objective of this multicenter study was to use patient-reported outcomes to evaluate the treatment effects of SEMS on quality of life (QoL) and symptoms related to malignant GI and biliary obstruction. An additional aim of the study was to compare patient- and physician-reported evaluations of the treatment’s effects.
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Materials and methods
Nine Norwegian hospitals performing SEMS treatment for GI obstructions participated in the present study. The inclusion period was from November 2006 to April 2008. Patients were eligible for consecutive inclusion according to the following criteria: (1) symptoms related to malignant GI obstruction, (2) indication for treatment with all types of metal stents established, (3) fluency in oral and written Norwegian, and (4) cognitive capability to complete the questionnaires. Patients who received their colonic stent as a “bridge to surgery” (i.e., to relieve the acute obstruction prior to elective surgery) and underwent bowel resection within 2 weeks after stent placement were not asked to complete the questionnaire after 2 weeks and were thus not included in the analyses. The study was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics in Southern Norway and the Data Protection Supervisor at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål. All patients received oral and written information about the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Stent procedure
All stents were deployed endoscopically under fluoroscopic guidance. Both covered and uncovered stents were used for esophageal and biliary stent treatment, while uncovered stents were used in other locations.
Assessment of patient-reported outcomes
The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire, EORTC QLQ-C30, version 3.0 [23], was used to assess patient-reported outcomes, supplemented with selected questions from other relevant EORTC organ- and disease-specific modules (http://www.eortc.be/). The EORTC QLQ-C30 is a cancer-specific 30-item self-reporting questionnaire consisting of both multi-item scales and single-item measures. These include five functional scales (i.e., physical, role, cognitive, emotional, and social), three symptom scales (i.e., fatigue, nausea/vomiting, and pain), and six single items (i.e., dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhea, and financial problems), as well as two questions where the patients assessed their overall health and QoL on a scale from 1 to 7. Combining these two scores resulted in a global health score.
EORTC recommends that organ-specific modules be used in addition to the core questionnaire to capture diagnosis- or treatment-specific problems. For the purpose of the present study, a selection of questions was made from the relevant organ-specific modules to reduce the respondent’s burden and to focus on specific problems pertaining to the different diagnostic or stent groups. Questions to be answered by the patients receiving esophageal, biliary, and colonic stents were selected from the stomach module EORTC QLQ-STO22 [24], the pancreatic module EORTC QLQ-PAN26 [25], and the colorectal module EORTC QLQ-CR38 [26], respectively (Table 2). Patients who received gastroduodenal stents did not answer any additional questions as their main obstruction-related symptoms, nausea and vomiting, were specifically addressed by the core questionnaire.
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Higher scores on the symptom scales and single items from the core questionnaires and the organ-specific modules indicated more severe symptoms, while higher scores on the functional scales indicate better functioning. All items were to be answered on an ordinal scale ranging from 1 (“Not at all”) to 4 (“Very much”), except for the two modified visual analog scales assessing global health and QoL; they ranged from 1 to 7. The time frame was the past 7 days. Scale and item scores were transformed into a continuous scale from 0 to 100, as described in the EORTC Scoring Manual [27]. A mean score difference of 5–10 is usually regarded as a small but clinically noticeable change for the patients, a change between 10–20 as moderate, and >20 as a large clinical change [28, 29].
Administration of questionnaires
All assessments were performed twice, at inclusion (−2 to +1 day before/after the procedure) and 2 weeks after treatment. The questionnaire was administered to the study participants upon admission by the treating physician or a study nurse. The same questionnaire was given to the patients when leaving the hospital. The patients were instructed to complete the second questionnaire 2 weeks after stent treatment and return it by mail. The 2-week time span between assessments was chosen to reach the maximum effect of the stent treatment and reduce the impact of disease progression. To reduce the influence of recall bias, the patients had to complete the initial questionnaire no later than the day after the procedure and the second questionnaire no later than 3 weeks after treatment. The physicians assessed the same organ-specific symptoms at inclusion and the second assessment at hospital discharge or 2 weeks after stent treatment if the patient was still hospitalized. The same physician was responsible for the before and after assessment of symptoms.
Statistical analysis
Power calculations were based on a mean change of 10 with a standard deviation (SD) of 15 of global health, with 90% power and a 5% level of significance, which yielded a sample size of 26 patients in each of the treatment groups for the four stent locations. Wilcoxon signed-rank test with 5% significance level was used when evaluating changes of symptoms before and after treatment. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).
Results
Patient characteristics
A total of 273 patients were eligible for inclusion in the study, varying from 2 to 105 patients at the nine participating centers. Two hundred thirty-eight (87%) patients completed the questionnaire prior to the stent procedure, and 162 (68%) of these completed both questionnaires. Twenty-seven patients did not return the second form for unknown reasons (Fig. 1). Ninety-nine males and 63 females with a median age of 72 years were included. Clinical and demographic characteristics are given in Table 1. The most frequent diagnoses were cancer of the colon and pancreas. Of the 18 patients with gastric cancer who received stents, eight had obstructions located in the cardia ventriculi and were treated with esophageal stents. Ten patients had gastric outlet obstruction and were treated with duodenal stents.
Fig. 1
Flowchart showing the selection of the 162 patients included in this study
Table 1
Clinical and demographic characteristics of 162 patients treated by self-expanding metal stents for malignant gastrointestinal obstruction
Age [median (range)]
72 (33–93)
Gender M/F
99/63
Survival [median (range)] (days)
111 (15–535)
Diagnoses
Colon cancer
49 (30%)
Pancreatic cancer
41 (25%)
Gastric cancer
18 (11%)
Esophageal cancer
28 (17%)
Bile duct cancer
9 (6%)
Other malignanciesa
17 (11%)
Other palliative treatment
Chemotherapy (during day 0–14)
18 (11%)
Radiotherapy (during day 0–14)
7 (4%)
Stent locations
Esophageal
41 (25%)
Gastroduodenal
33 (20%)
Biliary
40 (25%)
Colon
48 (30%)
aBreast cancer, n = 1, lymphoma, n = 1; lung cancer, n = 3; prostate cancer, n = 2; hepatocellular carcinoma, n = 1; gallbladder cancer, n = 1; thyroid cancer, n = 1; papillary cancer, n = 1; ovarian cancer, n = 3; duodenal cancer, n = 1; malignant melanoma, n = 2
×
Patient-reported outcomes
Patients reported a clinically and statistically significant reduction in all obstruction-related symptoms in all four stent locations, with a mean reduction of at least 20 (P < 0.02). Furthermore, a clinically and statistically significant improvement in global health function (P < 0.03) was observed in all treatment groups. Additionally, various other symptoms improved significantly: nausea/vomiting (colon and biliary), appetite loss (biliary and gastroduodenal), pain (gastroduodenal and colonic), and constipation (colonic) (Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5). The total numbers of patients experiencing symptomatic improvement ≥ 20, improvement < 20, or worsening are reported in Table 6.
Table 2
Scores from EORTC C30a and selected obstruction-related questions from EORTC OES 18 given by 41 patients treated with esophageal stents
Before
After
Difference
P value
Global health functionb
30.0 (18.0)
39.1 (26.1)
9.2 (26.4)
0.03
Symptom scalesa,c
Nausea/vomiting
37.8 (31.0)
33.7 (31.7)
4.1 (39.6)
0.49
Pain
43.5 (29.6)
51.2 (31.5)
−7.7 (34.6)
0.20
Single itemsc
Appetite loss
69.1 (38.3)
61.8 (39.1)
7.3 (41.8)
0.31
Organ-specific questions from EORTC OES 18c
Have you had problems eating solid food?
86.8 (26.3)
51.0 (40.1)
36.0 (51.6)
<0.001
Have you had problems eating liquidized or soft food?
63.1 (35.3)
30.0 (37.3)
32.4 (52.3)
0.001
Have you had problems drinking liquids?
38.6 (36.8)
16.7 (26.5)
22.0 (41.2)
0.002
All values are mean (SD)
aA selection of the EORTC QLQ-C30 most relevant scorings was made; no significant change was found in the excluded scores
bScale from 0 to 100; high scores represent higher level of functioning
cScale from 0 to 100; high scores represent more severe symptoms
Table 3
EORTC C30a results from 33 patients treated with gastroduodenal stents
Before
After
Difference
P value
Global health functionb
22.0 (19.3)
38.4 (26.4)
16.4 (24.8)
<0.001
Symptom scalesb
Pain
57.6 (28.6)
39.9 (36.3)
17.7 (36.3)
0.014
Nausea/vomiting
63.1 (31.1)
30.3 (27.5)
32.8 (38.7)
<0.001
Single itemsb
Appetite lossc
81.8 (25.1)
65.7 (37.7)
16.2 (34.5)
0.013
All values are mean (SD)
aA selection of the EORTC QLQ-C30 most relevant scorings was made; no significant change was found in the excluded scores
bScale from 0 to 100; high scores represent more severe symptoms
cScale from 0 to 100; high scores represent higher level of overall functioning
Table 4
Scores from EORTC C30a and selected obstruction-related questions from EORTC PAN26 from 40 patients treated with biliary stents
Before
After
Difference
P value
Global health functionb
30.4 (25.9)
48.3 (28.0)
17.9 (34.3)
0.003
Symptom scalesc
Pain
48.3 (36.2)
28.8 (25.0)
19.6 (31.8)
0.001
Nausea/vomiting
35.0 (30.8)
21.3 (23.3)
13.8 (28.7)
0.005
Single itemsc
Appetite loss
61.7 (41.0)
45.8 (41.8)
15.8 (32.0)
0.007
Organ-specific questions from EORTC PAN 26c
Have you been itching?
46.6 (39.1)
23.3 (32.2)
23.3 (51.3)
0.01
All values are mean (SD)
aA selection of the EORTC QLQ-C30 most relevant scorings was made; no significant change was found in the excluded scores
bScale from 0 to 100; high scores represent higher level of overall functioning
cScale from 0 to 100; high scores represent more severe
Table 5
Scores from EORTC C30a and selected questions from EORTC CR38 from 46 patients treated with colon stents
Before
After
Difference
P value
Global health functionb
38.0 (24.8)
48.7 (23.7)
10.7 (24.5)
0.009
Symptom scalesa, c
Pain
49.3 (33.9)
28.4 (30.0)
20.9 (39.0)
0.001
Nausea /vomiting
29.4 (34.1)
13.8 (21.5)
15.6 (33.6)
0.003
Single itemsc
Appetite loss
45.4 (40.8)
31.9 (35.4)
13.5 (45.4)
0.04
Constipation
53.9 (43.7)
24.8 (32.2)
29.1 (46.0)
<0.001
Diarrhea
37.6 (37.2)
45.4 (33.6)
−7.8 (45.7)
0.26
Organ-specific questions from EORTC CR38c
Have you had abdominal pain?
53.6 (38.2)
32.6 (28.5)
21.0 (37.4)
<0.001
Have you felt bloated?
67.4 (36.2)
27.5 (30.0)
40.0 (44.8)
<0.001
All values are mean (SD)
aA selection of the EORTC QLQ-C30 most relevant scorings was made; no significant change was found in the excluded scores
bScale from 0 to 100; high scores represent higher level of overall functioning
cScale from 0 to 100; high scores represent more severe symptoms
Table 6
Patient-reported symptomatic effect of stent treatment
Number of patients with clinical effect on ≥1 symptoms
Number of patients with no effect or worsening of symptoms
Esophageal stent
34 (81%)
8 (19%)
Gastroduodenal stent
16 (48%)
17 (52%)
Biliary stent
20 (50%)
20 (50%)
Colonic stent
33 (69%)
15 (31%)
The scorings from patients who completed the pretreatment questionnaire before treatment were similar to those from patients who completed it the day after treatment. Sixty-four patients (40%) completed the first assessment the day after stent insertion because of emergency stent treatment or pronounced symptoms before treatment. The rate of missing items was low, 0.9 and 1.0% in the two assessments, respectively. For the multi-items scales, missing values were assigned according to a standard scoring procedure (EORTCs scoring manual, [27]) by replacing missing items with the scale mean values, provided that half or more of the scale items were completed.
Comparison of symptoms evaluated by patients and physicians
When comparing the patients’ and physicians’ scores, a significant difference in the answers of six of seven questions before treatment was found, whereby the physicians indicated symptoms as more pronounced than the patients (P < 0.02). However, when comparing the post-treatment evaluation, the scores tended to be similar (a statistically significant difference was found for two questions, see Table 7). When evaluating the clinical effect as an improvement in obstructive symptoms, the physicians reported a larger mean reduction in obstructive symptoms and, thus, a better treatment effect as compared to the patients.
Table 7
Comparison of scoring by patients and physicians before and after stent treatment
Symptom score before stent treatment
Symptom score after stent treatment
Change in symptom score
Stent location
Patient
Physician
P value diff.
Patient
Physician
P value diff.
Patient diff. before/after
Physician diff. before/after
P value diff.
Esophagus
Have you had problems eating solid food?
87
93
0.13
51
58
0.44
37
34
0.78
Have you had problems eating liquidized or soft food?
63
82
0.002
30
33
0.49
33
49
0.22
Have you had problems drinking liquids?
39
64
0.001
17
14
0.63
25
50
0.001
Stomach/duodenum
Have you vomited?
63
83
0.002
30
19
0.24
32
65
0.007
Biliary tree
Have you been itching?
47
60
0.015
23
26
0.38
24
34
0.24
Colon
Have you had abdominal pain?
54
70
<0.001
33
12
<0.001
21
58
<0.001
Have you felt bloated?
67
78
0.002
28
15
0.03
40
64
0.007
All values are mean. Scale from 0 to 100; high scores represent more severe symptoms
The median hospital stay was 4 days (range = 0–64). Therefore, physicians completed their second symptom assessment <7 days after the first registration in (131/162) 81% of the cases. The patients completed their second assessment of symptoms after 2 weeks (assessing symptoms between days 7 and 14).
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Short-term outcome/complications
During the first week, 12 of 162 patients (7%) experienced complications: three nonfunctional stents, two stent migrations, two bleeding episodes, two episodes of cholangitis, one tracheal-esophageal fistula, one stent obstruction by food impaction, and one stent obstruction by tumor overgrowth. There was no procedure-related mortality.
Discussion
This study is one of very few that evaluates the symptomatic effect of palliative GI stenting based on patient-reported outcomes. Furthermore, to our knowledge it is the first to compare patients’ and physicians’ assessments of the symptomatic effect of SEMS treatment. The present study demonstrates that the majority of patients found treatment with SEMS effective in relieving obstructive symptoms in all GI tract locations. Additionally, patients reported a significant clinical improvement in global health after 2 weeks for all four stent locations. The physicians tended to evaluate pretreatment symptoms as more severe than did the patients. The postprocedure scorings were more similar.
This study shows that treatment with SEMS is effective in relieving symptoms related to malignant GI obstruction. Our conclusion is strengthened by the fact that patients in this study were treated at small local centers, not large expert centers. SEMS as palliative principle seems to be effective independent of location. With regard to the symptomatic effect on esophageal and gastric outlet obstructions, our findings are in accordance with previous studies. Additionally, were we able to find significantly improved general well-being and better QoL, which most previous studies had not been able to document [10, 12]. A study of colon obstruction using patient-reported outcomes ended early and was therefore not able to make a conclusion [30].
That physicians’ and patients’ perceptions of symptoms differ is in line with previous studies in palliative medicine that compared physicians and patients, although underestimation of patients’ symptoms by physicians is more common [17‐21]. We do not know the reasons for the discrepancies in scoring found in our study; but one plausible explanation may reflect the enthusiasm of the physicians performing these procedures and their needs to justify the indication. The study was not designed to clarify this question.
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The physicians completed the second questionnaire earlier than the patients (earlier than day 7 for 81% of the patients). The study protocol did not include a scheduled follow-up after stent treatment. The patients were often severely ill, with long travelling distance to hospital, and an extra hospital visit to allow the physician to perform a symptom assessment was hence not included in the follow-up. As the hospital stay related to the stent procedure usually was of short duration, the physicians’ scoring often had to be performed at discharge from hospital. However, it is likely that the questionnaire’s 1-week time format reduced the influence of the discrepancy of when the physicians and patients did the second assessment.
Although there were significant improvements for the group in total, there was interindividual variation and some patients did not experience improvement in their obstructive symptoms. A review of the medical charts revealed that absence of symptomatic improvement often could be explained by dysfunctional stents, migrations, infections, pain, or intercurrent diseases during the first 2 weeks. This represented a limited number of patients and separate subanalyses were not performed. Furthermore, ongoing treatment with other modalities (e.g., chemotherapy) can potentially influence symptom scoring negatively. We found no significant difference in the scorings of the 25 patients who received chemo- and/or radiation therapy during the assessment period.
Our study did not identify subgroups of patients that regularly did not benefit from SEMS treatment and, therefore, should have received alternative palliative treatment. This might be due to the relatively low number of patients included.
Seventy-six patients completed only the first questionnaire. However, as shown in Fig. 1, only 27 patients failed to complete the second questionnaire for unknown reasons. It is possible that these patients did not experience the expected effect of the stent treatment and that this lack of data could represent a selection bias. However, we know that these 27 patients did not differ in age, pretreatment global health, or survival from the 162 repliers. Three of these 27 patients experienced dysfunctional stents and needed reinterventions during the first 2 weeks, which might have influenced their opinion of stent function. Three patients experienced cholangitis and/or pancreatitis immediately after biliary stenting but had functional stents. For the remaining 21 of the 27 patients, there was not sufficient information in their medical records to explain why they did not return their second questionnaire.
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Conclusion
SEMS treatment is effective in relieving symptoms of malignant GI and biliary obstruction, according to assessment by both patients and physicians. This study demonstrates a significant difference in how the physicians and patients evaluate treatment effects and thereby the importance of taking patient-reported outcomes into account when evaluating clinical palliative interventions. Future studies evaluating SEMS treatment should include prospective assessment of patient-reported outcomes to increase our knowledge about the efficacy of this treatment.
Acknowledgments
The following hospitals participated in the study: Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo, Norway; Stavanger University Hospital, Department of Surgery, Stavanger, Norway; Østfold Hospital Trust Fredrikstad, Department of Internal Medicine, Fredrikstad, Norway; Vestre Viken Hospital Trust Drammen, Department of Surgery, Drammen, Norway; Innlandet Hospital Trust Gjøvik, Department of Internal Medicine, Gjøvik, Norway; Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Department of Surgery, Oslo, Norway; Innlandet Hospital Trust Lillehammer, Department of Internal Medicine, Lillehammer, Norway; Nord- Trøndelag Hospital Trust Levanger, Department of Surgery, Levanger, Norway; Oslo University Hospital, AHUS, Department of Surgery, Oslo, Norway.
Disclosures
Lene Larssen, Asle W. Medhus, Marianne J. Hjermstad, Hartwig Körner, Tom Glomsaker, Taran Søberg, Dagfinn Gleditsch, Øistein Hovde, Arild Nesbakken, Jan K. Tholfsen, Knut Skreden, and Truls Hauge have no conflicts of interest and no financial ties to disclose.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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