Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Intensive Care Medicine 3/2024

08.01.2024 | Review

Contemporary management of major haemorrhage in critical care

verfasst von: Cheryl L. Maier, Karim Brohi, Nicola Curry, Nicole P. Juffermans, Lidia Mora Miquel, Matthew D. Neal, Beth H. Shaz, Alexander P. J. Vlaar, Julie Helms

Erschienen in: Intensive Care Medicine | Ausgabe 3/2024

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Haemorrhagic shock is frequent in critical care settings and responsible for a high mortality rate due to multiple organ dysfunction and coagulopathy. The management of critically ill patients with bleeding and shock is complex, and treatment of these patients must be rapid and definitive. The administration of large volumes of blood components leads to major physiological alterations which must be mitigated during and after bleeding. Early recognition of bleeding and coagulopathy, understanding the underlying pathophysiology related to specific disease states, and the development of individualised management protocols are important for optimal outcomes. This review describes the contemporary understanding of the pathophysiology of various types of coagulopathic bleeding; the diagnosis and management of critically ill bleeding patients, including major haemorrhage protocols and post-transfusion management; and finally highlights recent areas of opportunity to better understand optimal management strategies for managing bleeding in the intensive care unit (ICU).
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Hooper N, Armstrong TJ (2023) Hemorrhagic. ShockStatPearls, Treasure Island Hooper N, Armstrong TJ (2023) Hemorrhagic. ShockStatPearls, Treasure Island
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Lauzier F, Arnold D, Rabbat C (2012) In medical-surgical ICU patients, major bleeding is common but independent of heparin prophylaxis. Crit Care 16(Suppl 1):P435PubMedCentralCrossRef Lauzier F, Arnold D, Rabbat C (2012) In medical-surgical ICU patients, major bleeding is common but independent of heparin prophylaxis. Crit Care 16(Suppl 1):P435PubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell L, Holst LB, Kjeldsen L, Stensballe J, Perner A (2017) Risks of bleeding and thrombosis in intensive care unit patients with haematological malignancies. Ann Intensive Care 7:119PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Russell L, Holst LB, Kjeldsen L, Stensballe J, Perner A (2017) Risks of bleeding and thrombosis in intensive care unit patients with haematological malignancies. Ann Intensive Care 7:119PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulman S, Kearon C, Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of the S, Standardization Committee of the International Society on T, Haemostasis (2005) Definition of major bleeding in clinical investigations of antihemostatic medicinal products in non-surgical patients. J Thromb Haemost 3:692–694PubMedCrossRef Schulman S, Kearon C, Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of the S, Standardization Committee of the International Society on T, Haemostasis (2005) Definition of major bleeding in clinical investigations of antihemostatic medicinal products in non-surgical patients. J Thromb Haemost 3:692–694PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore EE, Moore HB, Kornblith LZ, Neal MD, Hoffman M, Mutch NJ, Schochl H, Hunt BJ, Sauaia A (2021) Trauma-induced coagulopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 7:30PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Moore EE, Moore HB, Kornblith LZ, Neal MD, Hoffman M, Mutch NJ, Schochl H, Hunt BJ, Sauaia A (2021) Trauma-induced coagulopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 7:30PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Raza I, Davenport R, Rourke C, Platton S, Manson J, Spoors C, Khan S, De’Ath HD, Allard S, Hart DP, Pasi KJ, Hunt BJ, Stanworth S, MacCallum PK, Brohi K (2013) The incidence and magnitude of fibrinolytic activation in trauma patients. J Thromb Haemost 11:307–314PubMedCrossRef Raza I, Davenport R, Rourke C, Platton S, Manson J, Spoors C, Khan S, De’Ath HD, Allard S, Hart DP, Pasi KJ, Hunt BJ, Stanworth S, MacCallum PK, Brohi K (2013) The incidence and magnitude of fibrinolytic activation in trauma patients. J Thromb Haemost 11:307–314PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Rourke C, Curry N, Khan S, Taylor R, Raza I, Davenport R, Stanworth S, Brohi K (2012) Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes. J Thromb Haemost 10:1342–1351PubMedCrossRef Rourke C, Curry N, Khan S, Taylor R, Raza I, Davenport R, Stanworth S, Brohi K (2012) Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes. J Thromb Haemost 10:1342–1351PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat de Lloyd L, Jenkins PV, Bell SF, Mutch NJ, Martins Pereira JF, Badenes PM, James D, Ridgeway A, Cohen L, Roberts T, Field V, Collis RE, Collins PW (2023) Acute obstetric coagulopathy during postpartum hemorrhage is caused by hyperfibrinolysis and dysfibrinogenemia: an observational cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 21:862–879PubMedCrossRef de Lloyd L, Jenkins PV, Bell SF, Mutch NJ, Martins Pereira JF, Badenes PM, James D, Ridgeway A, Cohen L, Roberts T, Field V, Collis RE, Collins PW (2023) Acute obstetric coagulopathy during postpartum hemorrhage is caused by hyperfibrinolysis and dysfibrinogenemia: an observational cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 21:862–879PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Charbit B, Mandelbrot L, Samain E, Baron G, Haddaoui B, Keita H, Sibony O, Mahieu-Caputo D, Hurtaud-Roux MF, Huisse MG, Denninger MH, de Prost D, Group PPHS (2007) The decrease of fibrinogen is an early predictor of the severity of postpartum hemorrhage. J Thromb Haemost 5:266–273PubMedCrossRef Charbit B, Mandelbrot L, Samain E, Baron G, Haddaoui B, Keita H, Sibony O, Mahieu-Caputo D, Hurtaud-Roux MF, Huisse MG, Denninger MH, de Prost D, Group PPHS (2007) The decrease of fibrinogen is an early predictor of the severity of postpartum hemorrhage. J Thromb Haemost 5:266–273PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulman S, Angeras U, Bergqvist D, Eriksson B, Lassen MR, Fisher W, Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of the S, Standardization Committee of the International Society on T, Haemostasis (2010) Definition of major bleeding in clinical investigations of antihemostatic medicinal products in surgical patients. J Thromb Haemost 8:202–204PubMedCrossRef Schulman S, Angeras U, Bergqvist D, Eriksson B, Lassen MR, Fisher W, Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of the S, Standardization Committee of the International Society on T, Haemostasis (2010) Definition of major bleeding in clinical investigations of antihemostatic medicinal products in surgical patients. J Thromb Haemost 8:202–204PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ow TW, Fatourou E, Rabinowich L, van den Boom B, Nair S, Patel VC, Hogan B, McPhail M, Roberts LN, Bernal W (2022) Prevalence of bleeding and thrombosis in critically ill patients with chronic liver disease. Thromb Haemost 122:1006–1016PubMedCrossRef Ow TW, Fatourou E, Rabinowich L, van den Boom B, Nair S, Patel VC, Hogan B, McPhail M, Roberts LN, Bernal W (2022) Prevalence of bleeding and thrombosis in critically ill patients with chronic liver disease. Thromb Haemost 122:1006–1016PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat van den Boom BP, Lisman T (2022) Pathophysiology and management of bleeding and thrombosis in patients with liver disease. Int J Lab Hematol 44(Suppl 1):79–88PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef van den Boom BP, Lisman T (2022) Pathophysiology and management of bleeding and thrombosis in patients with liver disease. Int J Lab Hematol 44(Suppl 1):79–88PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts LN (2021) Rebalanced hemostasis in liver disease: a misunderstood coagulopathy. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Progr 2021:485–491CrossRef Roberts LN (2021) Rebalanced hemostasis in liver disease: a misunderstood coagulopathy. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Progr 2021:485–491CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Helms J, Iba T, Connors JM, Gando S, Levi M, Meziani F, Levy JH (2023) How to manage coagulopathies in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 49:273–290PubMedCrossRef Helms J, Iba T, Connors JM, Gando S, Levi M, Meziani F, Levy JH (2023) How to manage coagulopathies in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 49:273–290PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Levi M, Scully M (2018) How I treat disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood 131:845–854PubMedCrossRef Levi M, Scully M (2018) How I treat disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood 131:845–854PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Hedges SJ, Dehoney SB, Hooper JS, Amanzadeh J, Busti AJ (2007) Evidence-based treatment recommendations for uremic bleeding. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3:138–153PubMedCrossRef Hedges SJ, Dehoney SB, Hooper JS, Amanzadeh J, Busti AJ (2007) Evidence-based treatment recommendations for uremic bleeding. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3:138–153PubMedCrossRef
17.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Botrel T, Cunat S, Helms J, Lemarie J, Gaillon J, Preau S, Favory R, Thille AW, Boissier F, Maury E, Joffre J, Ait-Oufella H (2023) Extracranial anticoagulant related bleedings admitted to intensive care units: a French multicenter retrospective study. Crit Care 27:312PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Botrel T, Cunat S, Helms J, Lemarie J, Gaillon J, Preau S, Favory R, Thille AW, Boissier F, Maury E, Joffre J, Ait-Oufella H (2023) Extracranial anticoagulant related bleedings admitted to intensive care units: a French multicenter retrospective study. Crit Care 27:312PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Mutschler M, Nienaber U, Brockamp T, Wafaisade A, Fabian T, Paffrath T, Bouillon B, Maegele M, TraumaRegister DGU (2013) Renaissance of base deficit for the initial assessment of trauma patients: a base deficit-based classification for hypovolemic shock developed on data from 16,305 patients derived from the TraumaRegister DGU(R). Crit Care 17:R42PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mutschler M, Nienaber U, Brockamp T, Wafaisade A, Fabian T, Paffrath T, Bouillon B, Maegele M, TraumaRegister DGU (2013) Renaissance of base deficit for the initial assessment of trauma patients: a base deficit-based classification for hypovolemic shock developed on data from 16,305 patients derived from the TraumaRegister DGU(R). Crit Care 17:R42PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Helms J, Curtiaud A, Severac F, Merdji H, Angles-Cano E (2023) Dynamic longitudinal increase in D-dimers: an early predictor of bleeding complications in ECMO. Intensive Care Med 49:1416PubMedCrossRef Helms J, Curtiaud A, Severac F, Merdji H, Angles-Cano E (2023) Dynamic longitudinal increase in D-dimers: an early predictor of bleeding complications in ECMO. Intensive Care Med 49:1416PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Li C, Zhao Q, Yang K, Jiang L, Yu J (2019) Thromboelastography or rotational thromboelastometry for bleeding management in adults undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. J Thorac Dis 11:1170–1181PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Li C, Zhao Q, Yang K, Jiang L, Yu J (2019) Thromboelastography or rotational thromboelastometry for bleeding management in adults undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. J Thorac Dis 11:1170–1181PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Amgalan A, Allen T, Othman M, Ahmadzia HK (2020) Systematic review of viscoelastic testing (TEG/ROTEM) in obstetrics and recommendations from the women’s SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 18:1813–1838PubMedCrossRef Amgalan A, Allen T, Othman M, Ahmadzia HK (2020) Systematic review of viscoelastic testing (TEG/ROTEM) in obstetrics and recommendations from the women’s SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 18:1813–1838PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins PW, Cannings-John R, Bruynseels D, Mallaiah S, Dick J, Elton C, Weeks AD, Sanders J, Aawar N, Townson J, Hood K, Hall JE, Collis RE (2017) Viscoelastometric-guided early fibrinogen concentrate replacement during postpartum haemorrhage: OBS2, a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth 119:411–421PubMedCrossRef Collins PW, Cannings-John R, Bruynseels D, Mallaiah S, Dick J, Elton C, Weeks AD, Sanders J, Aawar N, Townson J, Hood K, Hall JE, Collis RE (2017) Viscoelastometric-guided early fibrinogen concentrate replacement during postpartum haemorrhage: OBS2, a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth 119:411–421PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Al Moosawi M, Trudeau J, Smith T, Lefebvre A, Shih AW (2021) ROTEM in the setting of liver transplant surgery reduces frozen plasma transfusion. Transfus Apher Sci 60:103125PubMedCrossRef Al Moosawi M, Trudeau J, Smith T, Lefebvre A, Shih AW (2021) ROTEM in the setting of liver transplant surgery reduces frozen plasma transfusion. Transfus Apher Sci 60:103125PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Zamper RPC, Amorim TC, Queiroz VNF, Lira JDO, Costa LGV, Takaoka F, Juffermans NP, Neto AS (2018) Association between viscoelastic tests-guided therapy with synthetic factor concentrates and allogenic blood transfusion in liver transplantation: a before-after study. BMC Anesthesiol 18:198PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zamper RPC, Amorim TC, Queiroz VNF, Lira JDO, Costa LGV, Takaoka F, Juffermans NP, Neto AS (2018) Association between viscoelastic tests-guided therapy with synthetic factor concentrates and allogenic blood transfusion in liver transplantation: a before-after study. BMC Anesthesiol 18:198PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Levrat A, Gros A, Rugeri L, Inaba K, Floccard B, Negrier C, David JS (2008) Evaluation of rotation thrombelastography for the diagnosis of hyperfibrinolysis in trauma patients. Br J Anaesth 100:792–797PubMedCrossRef Levrat A, Gros A, Rugeri L, Inaba K, Floccard B, Negrier C, David JS (2008) Evaluation of rotation thrombelastography for the diagnosis of hyperfibrinolysis in trauma patients. Br J Anaesth 100:792–797PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Rossaint R, Afshari A, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Cimpoesu D, Curry N, Duranteau J, Filipescu D, Grottke O, Gronlykke L, Harrois A, Hunt BJ, Kaserer A, Komadina R, Madsen MH, Maegele M, Mora L, Riddez L, Romero CS, Samama CM, Vincent JL, Wiberg S, Spahn DR (2023) The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care 27:80PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rossaint R, Afshari A, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Cimpoesu D, Curry N, Duranteau J, Filipescu D, Grottke O, Gronlykke L, Harrois A, Hunt BJ, Kaserer A, Komadina R, Madsen MH, Maegele M, Mora L, Riddez L, Romero CS, Samama CM, Vincent JL, Wiberg S, Spahn DR (2023) The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care 27:80PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kietaibl S, Ahmed A, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Aldecoa C, Barauskas G, De Robertis E, Faraoni D, Filipescu DC, Fries D, Godier A, Haas T, Jacob M, Lance MD, Llau JV, Meier J, Molnar Z, Mora L, Rahe-Meyer N, Samama CM, Scarlatescu E, Schlimp C, Wikkelso AJ, Zacharowski K (2023) Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care: second update 2022. Eur J Anaesthesiol 40:226–304PubMedCrossRef Kietaibl S, Ahmed A, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Aldecoa C, Barauskas G, De Robertis E, Faraoni D, Filipescu DC, Fries D, Godier A, Haas T, Jacob M, Lance MD, Llau JV, Meier J, Molnar Z, Mora L, Rahe-Meyer N, Samama CM, Scarlatescu E, Schlimp C, Wikkelso AJ, Zacharowski K (2023) Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care: second update 2022. Eur J Anaesthesiol 40:226–304PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Erdoes G, Faraoni D, Koster A, Steiner ME, Ghadimi K, Levy JH (2023) Perioperative considerations in management of the severely bleeding coagulopathic patient. Anesthesiology 138:535–560PubMedCrossRef Erdoes G, Faraoni D, Koster A, Steiner ME, Ghadimi K, Levy JH (2023) Perioperative considerations in management of the severely bleeding coagulopathic patient. Anesthesiology 138:535–560PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Muldowney M, Aichholz P, Nathwani R, Stansbury LG, Hess JR, Vavilala MS (2022) Advances in hemorrhage control resuscitation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 35:176–181PubMedCrossRef Muldowney M, Aichholz P, Nathwani R, Stansbury LG, Hess JR, Vavilala MS (2022) Advances in hemorrhage control resuscitation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 35:176–181PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Vlaar APJ, Dionne JC, de Bruin S, Wijnberge M, Raasveld SJ, van Baarle F, Antonelli M, Aubron C, Duranteau J, Juffermans NP, Meier J, Murphy GJ, Abbasciano R, Muller MCA, Lance M, Nielsen ND, Schochl H, Hunt BJ, Cecconi M, Oczkowski S (2021) Transfusion strategies in bleeding critically ill adults: a clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 47:1368–1392PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vlaar APJ, Dionne JC, de Bruin S, Wijnberge M, Raasveld SJ, van Baarle F, Antonelli M, Aubron C, Duranteau J, Juffermans NP, Meier J, Murphy GJ, Abbasciano R, Muller MCA, Lance M, Nielsen ND, Schochl H, Hunt BJ, Cecconi M, Oczkowski S (2021) Transfusion strategies in bleeding critically ill adults: a clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 47:1368–1392PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat de Bruin S, Eggermont D, van Bruggen R, de Korte D, Scheeren TWL, Bakker J, Vlaar APJ (2022) Transfusion practice in the bleeding critically ill: an international online survey-The TRACE-2 survey. Transfusion 62:324–335PubMedCrossRef de Bruin S, Eggermont D, van Bruggen R, de Korte D, Scheeren TWL, Bakker J, Vlaar APJ (2022) Transfusion practice in the bleeding critically ill: an international online survey-The TRACE-2 survey. Transfusion 62:324–335PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiersum-Osselton JC, Whitaker B, Grey S, Land K, Perez G, Rajbhandary S, Andrzejewski C Jr, Bolton-Maggs P, Lucero H, Renaudier P, Robillard P, Santos M, Schipperus M (2019) Revised international surveillance case definition of transfusion-associated circulatory overload: a classification agreement validation study. Lancet Haematol 6:e350–e358PubMedCrossRef Wiersum-Osselton JC, Whitaker B, Grey S, Land K, Perez G, Rajbhandary S, Andrzejewski C Jr, Bolton-Maggs P, Lucero H, Renaudier P, Robillard P, Santos M, Schipperus M (2019) Revised international surveillance case definition of transfusion-associated circulatory overload: a classification agreement validation study. Lancet Haematol 6:e350–e358PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosboom JJ, Klanderman RB, Migdady Y, Bolhuis B, Veelo DP, Geerts BF, Murphy MF, Vlaar APJ (2019) Transfusion-associated circulatory overload: a clinical perspective. Transfus Med Rev 33:69–77PubMedCrossRef Bosboom JJ, Klanderman RB, Migdady Y, Bolhuis B, Veelo DP, Geerts BF, Murphy MF, Vlaar APJ (2019) Transfusion-associated circulatory overload: a clinical perspective. Transfus Med Rev 33:69–77PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruseckaite R, McQuilten ZK, Oldroyd JC, Richter TH, Cameron PA, Isbister JP, Wood EM (2017) Descriptive characteristics and in-hospital mortality of critically bleeding patients requiring massive transfusion: results from the Australian and New Zealand Massive Transfusion Registry. Vox Sang 112:240–248PubMedCrossRef Ruseckaite R, McQuilten ZK, Oldroyd JC, Richter TH, Cameron PA, Isbister JP, Wood EM (2017) Descriptive characteristics and in-hospital mortality of critically bleeding patients requiring massive transfusion: results from the Australian and New Zealand Massive Transfusion Registry. Vox Sang 112:240–248PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Karameh H, Bruoha S, Taha L, Tabi M, Farkash R, Karmi M, Hamayel K, Perel N, Steinmetz Y, Marmor D, Manassra M, Maller T, Hitter R, Amsalem I, Glikson M, Asher E (2023) Outcomes of patients treated with blood transfusion in a contemporary tertiary care medical center intensive cardiac care unit. J Clin Med 12:1304PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Karameh H, Bruoha S, Taha L, Tabi M, Farkash R, Karmi M, Hamayel K, Perel N, Steinmetz Y, Marmor D, Manassra M, Maller T, Hitter R, Amsalem I, Glikson M, Asher E (2023) Outcomes of patients treated with blood transfusion in a contemporary tertiary care medical center intensive cardiac care unit. J Clin Med 12:1304PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Halmin M, Chiesa F, Vasan SK, Wikman A, Norda R, Rostgaard K, Vesterager Pedersen OB, Erikstrup C, Nielsen KR, Titlestad K, Ullum H, Hjalgrim H, Edgren G (2016) Epidemiology of massive transfusion: a binational study from Sweden and Denmark. Crit Care Med 44:468–477PubMedCrossRef Halmin M, Chiesa F, Vasan SK, Wikman A, Norda R, Rostgaard K, Vesterager Pedersen OB, Erikstrup C, Nielsen KR, Titlestad K, Ullum H, Hjalgrim H, Edgren G (2016) Epidemiology of massive transfusion: a binational study from Sweden and Denmark. Crit Care Med 44:468–477PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Repine T, Beekley AC, Sebesta J, Jenkins D, Wade CE, Holcomb JB (2007) The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 63:805–813PubMed Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Repine T, Beekley AC, Sebesta J, Jenkins D, Wade CE, Holcomb JB (2007) The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 63:805–813PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Halmin M, Bostrom F, Brattstrom O, Lundahl J, Wikman A, Ostlund A, Edgren G (2013) Effect of plasma-to-RBC ratios in trauma patients: a cohort study with time-dependent data*. Crit Care Med 41:1905–1914PubMedCrossRef Halmin M, Bostrom F, Brattstrom O, Lundahl J, Wikman A, Ostlund A, Edgren G (2013) Effect of plasma-to-RBC ratios in trauma patients: a cohort study with time-dependent data*. Crit Care Med 41:1905–1914PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Mesar T, Larentzakis A, Dzik W, Chang Y, Velmahos G, Yeh DD (2017) Association between ratio of fresh frozen plasma to red blood cells during massive transfusion and survival among patients without traumatic injury. JAMA Surg 152:574–580PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mesar T, Larentzakis A, Dzik W, Chang Y, Velmahos G, Yeh DD (2017) Association between ratio of fresh frozen plasma to red blood cells during massive transfusion and survival among patients without traumatic injury. JAMA Surg 152:574–580PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardigan R, Latham T, Weaver A, Yazer M, Green L (2022) Estimating the risks of prehospital transfusion of D-positive whole blood to trauma patients who are bleeding in England. Vox Sang 117:701–707PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cardigan R, Latham T, Weaver A, Yazer M, Green L (2022) Estimating the risks of prehospital transfusion of D-positive whole blood to trauma patients who are bleeding in England. Vox Sang 117:701–707PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Seheult JN, Stram MN, Pearce T, Bub CB, Emery SP, Kutner J, Watanabe-Okochi N, Sperry JL, Takanashi M, Triulzi DJ, Yazer MH (2021) The risk to future pregnancies of transfusing Rh(D)-negative females of childbearing potential with Rh(D)-positive red blood cells during trauma resuscitation is dependent on their age at transfusion. Vox Sang 116:831–840PubMedCrossRef Seheult JN, Stram MN, Pearce T, Bub CB, Emery SP, Kutner J, Watanabe-Okochi N, Sperry JL, Takanashi M, Triulzi DJ, Yazer MH (2021) The risk to future pregnancies of transfusing Rh(D)-negative females of childbearing potential with Rh(D)-positive red blood cells during trauma resuscitation is dependent on their age at transfusion. Vox Sang 116:831–840PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Gammon RR, Meena-Leist C, Al Mozain N, Cruz J, Hartwell E, Lu W, Karp JK, Noone S, Orabi M, Tayal A, Bocquet C, Tanhehco Y (2023) Whole blood in civilian transfusion practice: a review of the literature. Transfusion 63:1758–1766PubMedCrossRef Gammon RR, Meena-Leist C, Al Mozain N, Cruz J, Hartwell E, Lu W, Karp JK, Noone S, Orabi M, Tayal A, Bocquet C, Tanhehco Y (2023) Whole blood in civilian transfusion practice: a review of the literature. Transfusion 63:1758–1766PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Mack JP, Miles J, Stolla M (2020) Cold-stored platelets: review of studies in humans. Transfus Med Rev 34:221–226PubMedCrossRef Mack JP, Miles J, Stolla M (2020) Cold-stored platelets: review of studies in humans. Transfus Med Rev 34:221–226PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Meneses E, Boneva D, McKenney M, Elkbuli A (2020) Massive transfusion protocol in adult trauma population. Am J Emerg Med 38:2661–2666PubMedCrossRef Meneses E, Boneva D, McKenney M, Elkbuli A (2020) Massive transfusion protocol in adult trauma population. Am J Emerg Med 38:2661–2666PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Sommer N, Schnuriger B, Candinas D, Haltmeier T (2019) Massive transfusion protocols in nontrauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 86:493–504PubMedCrossRef Sommer N, Schnuriger B, Candinas D, Haltmeier T (2019) Massive transfusion protocols in nontrauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 86:493–504PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu P, Uhlich R, Black J, Jansen JO, Kerby J, Holcomb JB (2021) A new definition for massive transfusion in the modern era of whole blood resuscitation. Transfusion 61(Suppl 1):S252-s263PubMed Hu P, Uhlich R, Black J, Jansen JO, Kerby J, Holcomb JB (2021) A new definition for massive transfusion in the modern era of whole blood resuscitation. Transfusion 61(Suppl 1):S252-s263PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster JC, Sappenfield JW, Smith RS, Kiley SP (2017) Initiation and termination of massive transfusion protocols: current strategies and future prospects. Anesth Analg 125:2045–2055PubMedCrossRef Foster JC, Sappenfield JW, Smith RS, Kiley SP (2017) Initiation and termination of massive transfusion protocols: current strategies and future prospects. Anesth Analg 125:2045–2055PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Camazine MN, Hemmila MR, Leonard JC, Jacobs RA, Horst JA, Kozar RA, Bochicchio GV, Nathens AB, Cryer HM, Spinella PC (2015) Massive transfusion policies at trauma centers participating in the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 78:S48-53PubMedCrossRef Camazine MN, Hemmila MR, Leonard JC, Jacobs RA, Horst JA, Kozar RA, Bochicchio GV, Nathens AB, Cryer HM, Spinella PC (2015) Massive transfusion policies at trauma centers participating in the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 78:S48-53PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Ngatuvai M, Zagales I, Sauder M, Andrade R, Santos RG, Bilski T, Kornblith L, Elkbuli A (2023) Outcomes of transfusion with whole blood, component therapy, or both in adult civilian trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Surg Res 287:193–201PubMedCrossRef Ngatuvai M, Zagales I, Sauder M, Andrade R, Santos RG, Bilski T, Kornblith L, Elkbuli A (2023) Outcomes of transfusion with whole blood, component therapy, or both in adult civilian trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Surg Res 287:193–201PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Casu S (2021) Simplified treatment algorithm for the management of trauma-induced hemorrhage without viscoelastic testing. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 6:e000779PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Casu S (2021) Simplified treatment algorithm for the management of trauma-induced hemorrhage without viscoelastic testing. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 6:e000779PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Bugaev N, Como JJ, Golani G, Freeman JJ, Sawhney JS, Vatsaas CJ, Yorkgitis BK, Kreiner LA, Garcia NM, Aziz HA, Pappas PA, Mahoney EJ, Brown ZW, Kasotakis G (2020) Thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry in bleeding patients with coagulopathy: practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 89:999–1017PubMedCrossRef Bugaev N, Como JJ, Golani G, Freeman JJ, Sawhney JS, Vatsaas CJ, Yorkgitis BK, Kreiner LA, Garcia NM, Aziz HA, Pappas PA, Mahoney EJ, Brown ZW, Kasotakis G (2020) Thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry in bleeding patients with coagulopathy: practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 89:999–1017PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Blaine KP, Steurer MP (2019) Viscoelastic monitoring to guide the correction of perioperative coagulopathy and massive transfusion in patients with life-threatening hemorrhage. Anesthesiol Clin 37:51–66PubMedCrossRef Blaine KP, Steurer MP (2019) Viscoelastic monitoring to guide the correction of perioperative coagulopathy and massive transfusion in patients with life-threatening hemorrhage. Anesthesiol Clin 37:51–66PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Baksaas-Aasen K, Gall LS, Stensballe J, Juffermans NP, Curry N, Maegele M, Brooks A, Rourke C, Gillespie S, Murphy J, Maroni R, Vulliamy P, Henriksen HH, Pedersen KH, Kolstadbraaten KM, Wirtz MR, Kleinveld DJB, Schafer N, Chinna S, Davenport RA, Naess PA, Goslings JC, Eaglestone S, Stanworth S, Johansson PI, Gaarder C, Brohi K (2021) Viscoelastic haemostatic assay augmented protocols for major trauma haemorrhage (ITACTIC): a randomized, controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 47:49–59PubMedCrossRef Baksaas-Aasen K, Gall LS, Stensballe J, Juffermans NP, Curry N, Maegele M, Brooks A, Rourke C, Gillespie S, Murphy J, Maroni R, Vulliamy P, Henriksen HH, Pedersen KH, Kolstadbraaten KM, Wirtz MR, Kleinveld DJB, Schafer N, Chinna S, Davenport RA, Naess PA, Goslings JC, Eaglestone S, Stanworth S, Johansson PI, Gaarder C, Brohi K (2021) Viscoelastic haemostatic assay augmented protocols for major trauma haemorrhage (ITACTIC): a randomized, controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 47:49–59PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Baksaas-Aasen K, Van Dieren S, Balvers K, Juffermans NP, Naess PA, Rourke C, Eaglestone S, Ostrowski SR, Stensballe J, Stanworth S, Maegele M, Goslings JC, Johansson PI, Brohi K, Gaarder C, collaborators TI (2019) Data-driven development of ROTEM and TEG algorithms for the management of trauma hemorrhage: a prospective observational multicenter study. Ann Surg 270:1178–1185PubMedCrossRef Baksaas-Aasen K, Van Dieren S, Balvers K, Juffermans NP, Naess PA, Rourke C, Eaglestone S, Ostrowski SR, Stensballe J, Stanworth S, Maegele M, Goslings JC, Johansson PI, Brohi K, Gaarder C, collaborators TI (2019) Data-driven development of ROTEM and TEG algorithms for the management of trauma hemorrhage: a prospective observational multicenter study. Ann Surg 270:1178–1185PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Görlinger K, Pérez-Ferrer A, Dirkmann D, Saner F, Maegele M, Calatayud ÁAP, Kim TY (2019) The role of evidence-based algorithms for rotational thromboelastometry-guided bleeding management. Korean J Anesthesiol 72:297–322PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Görlinger K, Pérez-Ferrer A, Dirkmann D, Saner F, Maegele M, Calatayud ÁAP, Kim TY (2019) The role of evidence-based algorithms for rotational thromboelastometry-guided bleeding management. Korean J Anesthesiol 72:297–322PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartmann J, Hermelin D, Levy JH (2023) Viscoelastic testing: an illustrated review of technology and clinical applications. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 7:100031PubMedCrossRef Hartmann J, Hermelin D, Levy JH (2023) Viscoelastic testing: an illustrated review of technology and clinical applications. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 7:100031PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu Z, Yu Y, Hong K, Luo M, Ke Y (2022) Utility of viscoelastic hemostatic assay to guide hemostatic resuscitation in trauma patients: a systematic review. World J Emerg Surg 17:48PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhu Z, Yu Y, Hong K, Luo M, Ke Y (2022) Utility of viscoelastic hemostatic assay to guide hemostatic resuscitation in trauma patients: a systematic review. World J Emerg Surg 17:48PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouzat P, Hunt BJ, Juffermans NP (2023) Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in trauma patients. Intensive Care Med 49:1242–1244PubMedCrossRef Bouzat P, Hunt BJ, Juffermans NP (2023) Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in trauma patients. Intensive Care Med 49:1242–1244PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Jehan F, Aziz H, O’Keeffe T, Khan M, Zakaria ER, Hamidi M, Zeeshan M, Kulvatunyou N, Joseph B (2018) The role of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in coagulopathy of trauma: a propensity matched analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 85:18–24PubMedCrossRef Jehan F, Aziz H, O’Keeffe T, Khan M, Zakaria ER, Hamidi M, Zeeshan M, Kulvatunyou N, Joseph B (2018) The role of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in coagulopathy of trauma: a propensity matched analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 85:18–24PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeeshan M, Hamidi M, Feinstein AJ, Gries L, Jehan F, Sakran J, Northcutt A, O’Keeffe T, Kulvatunyou N, Joseph B (2019) Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate is associated with improved survival in trauma-related hemorrhage: a nationwide propensity-matched analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 87:274–281PubMedCrossRef Zeeshan M, Hamidi M, Feinstein AJ, Gries L, Jehan F, Sakran J, Northcutt A, O’Keeffe T, Kulvatunyou N, Joseph B (2019) Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate is associated with improved survival in trauma-related hemorrhage: a nationwide propensity-matched analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 87:274–281PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Joseph B, Aziz H, Pandit V, Hays D, Kulvatunyou N, Yousuf Z, Tang A, O’Keeffe T, Green D, Friese RS, Rhee P (2014) Prothrombin complex concentrate versus fresh-frozen plasma for reversal of coagulopathy of trauma: is there a difference? World J Surg 38:1875–1881PubMedCrossRef Joseph B, Aziz H, Pandit V, Hays D, Kulvatunyou N, Yousuf Z, Tang A, O’Keeffe T, Green D, Friese RS, Rhee P (2014) Prothrombin complex concentrate versus fresh-frozen plasma for reversal of coagulopathy of trauma: is there a difference? World J Surg 38:1875–1881PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Joseph B, Khalil M, Harrison C, Swartz T, Kulvatunyou N, Haider AA, Jokar TO, Burk D, Mahmoud A, Latifi R, Rhee P (2016) Assessing the efficacy of prothrombin complex concentrate in multiply injured patients with high-energy pelvic and extremity fractures. J Orthop Trauma 30:653–658PubMedCrossRef Joseph B, Khalil M, Harrison C, Swartz T, Kulvatunyou N, Haider AA, Jokar TO, Burk D, Mahmoud A, Latifi R, Rhee P (2016) Assessing the efficacy of prothrombin complex concentrate in multiply injured patients with high-energy pelvic and extremity fractures. J Orthop Trauma 30:653–658PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouzat P, Charbit J, Abback PS, Huet-Garrigue D, Delhaye N, Leone M, Marcotte G, David JS, Levrat A, Asehnoune K, Pottecher J, Duranteau J, Courvalin E, Adolle A, Sourd D, Bosson JL, Riou B, Gauss T, Payen JF, Group PS (2023) Efficacy and safety of early administration of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients with trauma at risk of massive transfusion: the PROCOAG Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 329:1367–1375PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bouzat P, Charbit J, Abback PS, Huet-Garrigue D, Delhaye N, Leone M, Marcotte G, David JS, Levrat A, Asehnoune K, Pottecher J, Duranteau J, Courvalin E, Adolle A, Sourd D, Bosson JL, Riou B, Gauss T, Payen JF, Group PS (2023) Efficacy and safety of early administration of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients with trauma at risk of massive transfusion: the PROCOAG Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 329:1367–1375PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Davenport R, Curry N, Fox EE, Thomas H, Lucas J, Evans A, Shanmugaranjan S, Sharma R, Deary A, Edwards A, Green L, Wade CE, Benger JR, Cotton BA, Stanworth SJ, Brohi K, Investigators C-P (2023) Early and empirical high-dose cryoprecipitate for hemorrhage after traumatic injury: the CRYOSTAT-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 21 330(19):1882–1891. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.21019 Davenport R, Curry N, Fox EE, Thomas H, Lucas J, Evans A, Shanmugaranjan S, Sharma R, Deary A, Edwards A, Green L, Wade CE, Benger JR, Cotton BA, Stanworth SJ, Brohi K, Investigators C-P (2023) Early and empirical high-dose cryoprecipitate for hemorrhage after traumatic injury: the CRYOSTAT-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 21 330(19):1882–1891. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1001/​jama.​2023.​21019
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Cabrera CP, Manson J, Shepherd JM, Torrance HD, Watson D, Longhi MP, Hoti M, Patel MB, O’Dwyer M, Nourshargh S, Pennington DJ, Barnes MR, Brohi K (2017) Signatures of inflammation and impending multiple organ dysfunction in the hyperacute phase of trauma: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 14:e1002352PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cabrera CP, Manson J, Shepherd JM, Torrance HD, Watson D, Longhi MP, Hoti M, Patel MB, O’Dwyer M, Nourshargh S, Pennington DJ, Barnes MR, Brohi K (2017) Signatures of inflammation and impending multiple organ dysfunction in the hyperacute phase of trauma: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 14:e1002352PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Mira JC, Brakenridge SC, Moldawer LL, Moore FA (2017) Persistent inflammation, immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome. Crit Care Clin 33:245–258PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mira JC, Brakenridge SC, Moldawer LL, Moore FA (2017) Persistent inflammation, immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome. Crit Care Clin 33:245–258PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Wirtz MR, Schalkers DV, Goslings JC, Juffermans NP (2020) The impact of blood product ratio and procoagulant therapy on the development of thromboembolic events in severely injured hemorrhaging trauma patients. Transfusion 60:1873–1882PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wirtz MR, Schalkers DV, Goslings JC, Juffermans NP (2020) The impact of blood product ratio and procoagulant therapy on the development of thromboembolic events in severely injured hemorrhaging trauma patients. Transfusion 60:1873–1882PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Rasmussen LS, Ostrowski SR (2011) A high admission syndecan-1 level, a marker of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, is associated with inflammation, protein C depletion, fibrinolysis, and increased mortality in trauma patients. Ann Surg 254:194–200PubMedCrossRef Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Rasmussen LS, Ostrowski SR (2011) A high admission syndecan-1 level, a marker of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, is associated with inflammation, protein C depletion, fibrinolysis, and increased mortality in trauma patients. Ann Surg 254:194–200PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Torres LN, Chung KK, Salgado CL, Dubick MA, Torres Filho IP (2017) Low-volume resuscitation with normal saline is associated with microvascular endothelial dysfunction after hemorrhage in rats, compared to colloids and balanced crystalloids. Crit Care 21:160PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Torres LN, Chung KK, Salgado CL, Dubick MA, Torres Filho IP (2017) Low-volume resuscitation with normal saline is associated with microvascular endothelial dysfunction after hemorrhage in rats, compared to colloids and balanced crystalloids. Crit Care 21:160PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Torres LN, Sondeen JL, Ji L, Dubick MA, Torres Filho I (2013) Evaluation of resuscitation fluids on endothelial glycocalyx, venular blood flow, and coagulation function after hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 75:759–766PubMedCrossRef Torres LN, Sondeen JL, Ji L, Dubick MA, Torres Filho I (2013) Evaluation of resuscitation fluids on endothelial glycocalyx, venular blood flow, and coagulation function after hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 75:759–766PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozar RA, Peng Z, Zhang R, Holcomb JB, Pati S, Park P, Ko TC, Paredes A (2011) Plasma restoration of endothelial glycocalyx in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. Anesth Analg 112:1289–1295PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kozar RA, Peng Z, Zhang R, Holcomb JB, Pati S, Park P, Ko TC, Paredes A (2011) Plasma restoration of endothelial glycocalyx in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. Anesth Analg 112:1289–1295PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Gruen DS, Brown JB, Guyette FX, Vodovotz Y, Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Barclay DA, Yin J, Daley BJ, Miller RS, Harbrecht BG, Claridge JA, Phelan HA, Neal MD, Zuckerbraun BS, Billiar TR, Sperry JL, group PAs, (2020) Prehospital plasma is associated with distinct biomarker expression following injury. JCI Insight 5:e135350PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gruen DS, Brown JB, Guyette FX, Vodovotz Y, Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Barclay DA, Yin J, Daley BJ, Miller RS, Harbrecht BG, Claridge JA, Phelan HA, Neal MD, Zuckerbraun BS, Billiar TR, Sperry JL, group PAs, (2020) Prehospital plasma is associated with distinct biomarker expression following injury. JCI Insight 5:e135350PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Gruen DS, Guyette FX, Brown JB, Okonkwo DO, Puccio AM, Campwala IK, Tessmer MT, Daley BJ, Miller RS, Harbrecht BG, Claridge JA, Phelan HA, Neal MD, Zuckerbraun BS, Yazer MH, Billiar TR, Sperry JL (2020) Association of prehospital plasma with survival in patients with traumatic brain injury: a secondary analysis of the PAMPer cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 3:e2016869PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gruen DS, Guyette FX, Brown JB, Okonkwo DO, Puccio AM, Campwala IK, Tessmer MT, Daley BJ, Miller RS, Harbrecht BG, Claridge JA, Phelan HA, Neal MD, Zuckerbraun BS, Yazer MH, Billiar TR, Sperry JL (2020) Association of prehospital plasma with survival in patients with traumatic brain injury: a secondary analysis of the PAMPer cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 3:e2016869PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber B, Lackner I, Gebhard F, Miclau T, Kalbitz M (2021) Trauma, a matter of the heart-molecular mechanism of post-traumatic cardiac dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 22:737PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Weber B, Lackner I, Gebhard F, Miclau T, Kalbitz M (2021) Trauma, a matter of the heart-molecular mechanism of post-traumatic cardiac dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 22:737PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat De’Ath HD, Rourke C, Davenport R, Manson J, Renfrew I, Uppal R, Davies LC, Brohi K (2012) Clinical and biomarker profile of trauma-induced secondary cardiac injury. Br J Surg 99:789–797PubMedCrossRef De’Ath HD, Rourke C, Davenport R, Manson J, Renfrew I, Uppal R, Davies LC, Brohi K (2012) Clinical and biomarker profile of trauma-induced secondary cardiac injury. Br J Surg 99:789–797PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Schellenberg M, Costantini T, Joseph B, Price MA, Bernard AC, Haut ER (2023) Timing of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis initiation after injury: Findings from the consensus conference to implement optimal VTE prophylaxis in trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 94:484–489PubMedCrossRef Schellenberg M, Costantini T, Joseph B, Price MA, Bernard AC, Haut ER (2023) Timing of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis initiation after injury: Findings from the consensus conference to implement optimal VTE prophylaxis in trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 94:484–489PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Vincent LE, Talanker MM, Butler DD, Zhang X, Podbielski JM, Wang YW, Chen-Goodspeed A, Hernandez Gonzalez SL, Fox EE, Cotton BA, Wade CE, Cardenas JC (2022) Association of changes in antithrombin activity over time with responsiveness to enoxaparin prophylaxis and risk of trauma-related venous thromboembolism. JAMA Surg 157:713–721PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vincent LE, Talanker MM, Butler DD, Zhang X, Podbielski JM, Wang YW, Chen-Goodspeed A, Hernandez Gonzalez SL, Fox EE, Cotton BA, Wade CE, Cardenas JC (2022) Association of changes in antithrombin activity over time with responsiveness to enoxaparin prophylaxis and risk of trauma-related venous thromboembolism. JAMA Surg 157:713–721PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu VM, Alvi MA, Rovin RA, Kasper EM (2020) Clinical outcomes following early versus late pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis in patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev 43:861–872PubMedCrossRef Lu VM, Alvi MA, Rovin RA, Kasper EM (2020) Clinical outcomes following early versus late pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis in patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev 43:861–872PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Spano PJ 2nd, Shaikh S, Boneva D, Hai S, McKenney M, Elkbuli A (2020) Anticoagulant chemoprophylaxis in patients with traumatic brain injuries: a systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 88:454–460PubMedCrossRef Spano PJ 2nd, Shaikh S, Boneva D, Hai S, McKenney M, Elkbuli A (2020) Anticoagulant chemoprophylaxis in patients with traumatic brain injuries: a systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 88:454–460PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Byrne JP, Witiw CD, Schuster JM, Pascual JL, Cannon JW, Martin ND, Reilly PM, Nathens AB, Seamon MJ (2022) Association of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after neurosurgical intervention for traumatic brain injury with thromboembolic complications, repeated neurosurgery, and mortality. JAMA Surg 157:e215794PubMedCrossRef Byrne JP, Witiw CD, Schuster JM, Pascual JL, Cannon JW, Martin ND, Reilly PM, Nathens AB, Seamon MJ (2022) Association of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after neurosurgical intervention for traumatic brain injury with thromboembolic complications, repeated neurosurgery, and mortality. JAMA Surg 157:e215794PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Ley EJ, Brown CVR, Moore EE, Sava JA, Peck K, Ciesla DJ, Sperry JL, Rizzo AG, Rosen NG, Brasel KJ, Kozar R, Inaba K, Martin MJ (2020) Updated guidelines to reduce venous thromboembolism in trauma patients: a Western Trauma Association critical decisions algorithm. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 89:971–981PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ley EJ, Brown CVR, Moore EE, Sava JA, Peck K, Ciesla DJ, Sperry JL, Rizzo AG, Rosen NG, Brasel KJ, Kozar R, Inaba K, Martin MJ (2020) Updated guidelines to reduce venous thromboembolism in trauma patients: a Western Trauma Association critical decisions algorithm. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 89:971–981PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Skarupa D, Hanna K, Zeeshan M, Madbak F, Hamidi M, Haddadin Z, Northcutt A, Gries L, Kulvatunyou N, Joseph B (2019) Is early chemical thromboprophylaxis in patients with solid organ injury a solid decision? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 87:1104–1112PubMedCrossRef Skarupa D, Hanna K, Zeeshan M, Madbak F, Hamidi M, Haddadin Z, Northcutt A, Gries L, Kulvatunyou N, Joseph B (2019) Is early chemical thromboprophylaxis in patients with solid organ injury a solid decision? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 87:1104–1112PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Tran A, Fernando SM, Carrier M, Siegal DM, Inaba K, Vogt K, Engels PT, English SW, Kanji S, Kyeremanteng K, Lampron J, Kim D, Rochwerg B (2022) Efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg 275:19–28PubMedCrossRef Tran A, Fernando SM, Carrier M, Siegal DM, Inaba K, Vogt K, Engels PT, English SW, Kanji S, Kyeremanteng K, Lampron J, Kim D, Rochwerg B (2022) Efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg 275:19–28PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, Sadeghirad B, Arabi YM, Cook DJ, Moller MH, Mehta S, Fowler RA, Burns KEA, Wells PS, Carrier M, Crowther MA, Scales DC, English SW, Kyeremanteng K, Kanji S, Kho ME, Rochwerg B (2022) VTE prophylaxis in critically ill adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Chest 161:418–428PubMedCrossRef Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, Sadeghirad B, Arabi YM, Cook DJ, Moller MH, Mehta S, Fowler RA, Burns KEA, Wells PS, Carrier M, Crowther MA, Scales DC, English SW, Kyeremanteng K, Kanji S, Kho ME, Rochwerg B (2022) VTE prophylaxis in critically ill adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Chest 161:418–428PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Helms J, Middeldorp S, Spyropoulos AC (2023) Thromboprophylaxis in critical care. Intensive Care Med 49:75–78PubMedCrossRef Helms J, Middeldorp S, Spyropoulos AC (2023) Thromboprophylaxis in critical care. Intensive Care Med 49:75–78PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Duranteau J, Taccone FS, Verhamme P, Ageno W, Force EVGT (2018) European guidelines on perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: Intensive care. Eur J Anaesthesiol 35:142–146PubMedCrossRef Duranteau J, Taccone FS, Verhamme P, Ageno W, Force EVGT (2018) European guidelines on perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: Intensive care. Eur J Anaesthesiol 35:142–146PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Afshari A, Fenger-Eriksen C, Monreal M, Verhamme P, Force EVGT (2018) European guidelines on perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: Mechanical prophylaxis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 35:112–115PubMedCrossRef Afshari A, Fenger-Eriksen C, Monreal M, Verhamme P, Force EVGT (2018) European guidelines on perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: Mechanical prophylaxis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 35:112–115PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Schunemann HJ, Cushman M, Burnett AE, Kahn SR, Beyer-Westendorf J, Spencer FA, Rezende SM, Zakai NA, Bauer KA, Dentali F, Lansing J, Balduzzi S, Darzi A, Morgano GP, Neumann I, Nieuwlaat R, Yepes-Nunez JJ, Zhang Y, Wiercioch W (2018) American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients. Blood Adv 2:3198–3225PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schunemann HJ, Cushman M, Burnett AE, Kahn SR, Beyer-Westendorf J, Spencer FA, Rezende SM, Zakai NA, Bauer KA, Dentali F, Lansing J, Balduzzi S, Darzi A, Morgano GP, Neumann I, Nieuwlaat R, Yepes-Nunez JJ, Zhang Y, Wiercioch W (2018) American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients. Blood Adv 2:3198–3225PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Bateman AP, McArdle F, Walsh TS (2009) Time course of anemia during six months follow up following intensive care discharge and factors associated with impaired recovery of erythropoiesis. Crit Care Med 37:1906–1912PubMedCrossRef Bateman AP, McArdle F, Walsh TS (2009) Time course of anemia during six months follow up following intensive care discharge and factors associated with impaired recovery of erythropoiesis. Crit Care Med 37:1906–1912PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayden SJ, Albert TJ, Watkins TR, Swenson ER (2012) Anemia in critical illness: insights into etiology, consequences, and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185:1049–1057PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hayden SJ, Albert TJ, Watkins TR, Swenson ER (2012) Anemia in critical illness: insights into etiology, consequences, and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185:1049–1057PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Vlaar AP, Oczkowski S, de Bruin S, Wijnberge M, Antonelli M, Aubron C, Aries P, Duranteau J, Juffermans NP, Meier J, Murphy GJ, Abbasciano R, Muller M, Shah A, Perner A, Rygaard S, Walsh TS, Guyatt G, Dionne JC, Cecconi M (2020) Transfusion strategies in non-bleeding critically ill adults: a clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 46:673–696PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vlaar AP, Oczkowski S, de Bruin S, Wijnberge M, Antonelli M, Aubron C, Aries P, Duranteau J, Juffermans NP, Meier J, Murphy GJ, Abbasciano R, Muller M, Shah A, Perner A, Rygaard S, Walsh TS, Guyatt G, Dionne JC, Cecconi M (2020) Transfusion strategies in non-bleeding critically ill adults: a clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 46:673–696PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Thau MR, Liu T, Sathe NA, O’Keefe GE, Robinson BRH, Bulger E, Wade CE, Fox EE, Holcomb JB, Liles WC, Stanaway IB, Mikacenic C, Wurfel MM, Bhatraju PK, Morrell ED (2023) Association of trauma molecular endotypes with differential response to transfusion resuscitation strategies. JAMA Surg 158:728–736PubMedCrossRef Thau MR, Liu T, Sathe NA, O’Keefe GE, Robinson BRH, Bulger E, Wade CE, Fox EE, Holcomb JB, Liles WC, Stanaway IB, Mikacenic C, Wurfel MM, Bhatraju PK, Morrell ED (2023) Association of trauma molecular endotypes with differential response to transfusion resuscitation strategies. JAMA Surg 158:728–736PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu J, Vodovotz Y, Abdelhamid S, Guyette FX, Yaffe MB, Gruen DS, Cyr A, Okonkwo DO, Kar UK, Krishnamoorthi N, Voinchet RG, Billiar IM, Yazer MH, Namas RA, Daley BJ, Miller RS, Harbrecht BG, Claridge JA, Phelan HA, Zuckerbraun BS, Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Morrissey JH, Tracy RP, Wisniewski SR, Neal MD, Sperry JL, Billiar TR, Group PAs (2021) Multi-omic analysis in injured humans: patterns align with outcomes and treatment responses. Cell Rep Med 2:100478PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wu J, Vodovotz Y, Abdelhamid S, Guyette FX, Yaffe MB, Gruen DS, Cyr A, Okonkwo DO, Kar UK, Krishnamoorthi N, Voinchet RG, Billiar IM, Yazer MH, Namas RA, Daley BJ, Miller RS, Harbrecht BG, Claridge JA, Phelan HA, Zuckerbraun BS, Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Morrissey JH, Tracy RP, Wisniewski SR, Neal MD, Sperry JL, Billiar TR, Group PAs (2021) Multi-omic analysis in injured humans: patterns align with outcomes and treatment responses. Cell Rep Med 2:100478PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Jansen JO, Hudson J, Cochran C, MacLennan G, Lendrum R, Sadek S, Gillies K, Cotton S, Kennedy C, Boyers D, Ferry G, Lawrie L, Nath M, Wileman S, Forrest M, Brohi K, Harris T, Lecky F, Moran C, Morrison JJ, Norrie J, Paterson A, Tai N, Welch N, Campbell MK, Group U-RS, Aylwin C, Bew D, Brooks A, Chinery J, Cowlam T, Frith D, George A, Hudson A, Johnstone P, Mahmood A, Novak A, O'Meara M, Reid S, Sattout A, Smith C, Stansfield T, Thompson J, (2023) Emergency department resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta in trauma patients with exsanguinating hemorrhage: the UK-REBOA randomized clinical trial. JAMA Jansen JO, Hudson J, Cochran C, MacLennan G, Lendrum R, Sadek S, Gillies K, Cotton S, Kennedy C, Boyers D, Ferry G, Lawrie L, Nath M, Wileman S, Forrest M, Brohi K, Harris T, Lecky F, Moran C, Morrison JJ, Norrie J, Paterson A, Tai N, Welch N, Campbell MK, Group U-RS, Aylwin C, Bew D, Brooks A, Chinery J, Cowlam T, Frith D, George A, Hudson A, Johnstone P, Mahmood A, Novak A, O'Meara M, Reid S, Sattout A, Smith C, Stansfield T, Thompson J, (2023) Emergency department resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta in trauma patients with exsanguinating hemorrhage: the UK-REBOA randomized clinical trial. JAMA
Metadaten
Titel
Contemporary management of major haemorrhage in critical care
verfasst von
Cheryl L. Maier
Karim Brohi
Nicola Curry
Nicole P. Juffermans
Lidia Mora Miquel
Matthew D. Neal
Beth H. Shaz
Alexander P. J. Vlaar
Julie Helms
Publikationsdatum
08.01.2024
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Intensive Care Medicine / Ausgabe 3/2024
Print ISSN: 0342-4642
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1238
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-023-07303-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2024

Intensive Care Medicine 3/2024 Zur Ausgabe

What's New in Intensive Care

Vasoconstriction in septic shock

Blutdrucksenkung schon im Rettungswagen bei akutem Schlaganfall?

31.05.2024 Apoplex Nachrichten

Der optimale Ansatz für die Blutdruckkontrolle bei Patientinnen und Patienten mit akutem Schlaganfall ist noch nicht gefunden. Ob sich eine frühzeitige Therapie der Hypertonie noch während des Transports in die Klinik lohnt, hat jetzt eine Studie aus China untersucht.

Ähnliche Überlebensraten nach Reanimation während des Transports bzw. vor Ort

29.05.2024 Reanimation im Kindesalter Nachrichten

Laut einer Studie aus den USA und Kanada scheint es bei der Reanimation von Kindern außerhalb einer Klinik keinen Unterschied für das Überleben zu machen, ob die Wiederbelebungsmaßnahmen während des Transports in die Klinik stattfinden oder vor Ort ausgeführt werden. Jedoch gibt es dabei einige Einschränkungen und eine wichtige Ausnahme.

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

29.05.2024 Hyponatriämie Nachrichten

Eine ältere Frau trinkt regelmäßig Sennesblättertee gegen ihre Verstopfung. Der scheint plötzlich gut zu wirken. Auf Durchfall und Erbrechen folgt allerdings eine Hyponatriämie. Nach deren Korrektur kommt es plötzlich zu progredienten Kognitions- und Verhaltensstörungen.

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

28.05.2024 Häusliche Gewalt Nachrichten

In der Notaufnahme wird die Chance, Opfer von häuslicher Gewalt zu identifizieren, von Orthopäden und Orthopädinnen offenbar zu wenig genutzt. Darauf deuten die Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenstudie an der Sahlgrenska-Universität in Schweden hin.

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.