Introduction
Method
Data source
Outcome measures
Planned and unplanned home deaths
Analyses
Results
Describing the population
Place of death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home | Nursing home | Hospital | Othera | Total | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
All | 12,156 | 100 | 39,345 | 100 | 26,962 | 100 | 2445 | 100 | 80,908 | 100 |
Sex | ||||||||||
Female | 5175 | 42.6 | 23,904 | 60.8 | 12,613 | 46.8 | 598 | 24.5 | 42,290 | 52.3 |
Male | 6981 | 57.4 | 15,441 | 39.2 | 14,349 | 53.2 | 1847 | 75.5 | 38,618 | 47.7 |
Age (years) | ||||||||||
0–39 | 549 | 4.5 | 70 | 0.2 | 796 | 3.0 | 426 | 17.4 | 1841 | 2.3 |
40–49 | 550 | 4.5 | 191 | 0.5 | 724 | 2.7 | 263 | 10.8 | 1728 | 2.1 |
50–59 | 1249 | 10.3 | 776 | 2.0 | 1877 | 7.0 | 389 | 15.9 | 4291 | 5.3 |
60–69 | 2381 | 19.6 | 2477 | 6.3 | 4553 | 16.9 | 564 | 23.1 | 9975 | 12.3 |
70–79 | 2538 | 20.9 | 5917 | 15.0 | 6212 | 23.0 | 386 | 15.8 | 15,053 | 18.6 |
80–89 | 3293 | 27.1 | 16,595 | 42.2 | 9134 | 33.9 | 338 | 13.8 | 29,360 | 36.3 |
90+ | 1596 | 13.1 | 13,319 | 33.9 | 3666 | 13.6 | 79 | 3.2 | 18,660 | 23.1 |
Cause of death | ||||||||||
Infectious/parasitic | 1077 | 8.9 | 3562 | 9.1 | 2131 | 7.9 | 264 | 10.8 | 7034 | 8.7 |
Cancer | 2648 | 21.8 | 10,728 | 27.3 | 8431 | 31.3 | 106 | 4.3 | 21,913 | 27.1 |
Dementia | 274 | 2.3 | 4951 | 12.6 | 211 | 0.8 | 11 | 0.5 | 5447 | 6.7 |
Circulatory | 4244 | 34.9 | 11,341 | 28.8 | 8692 | 32.2 | 727 | 29.7 | 25,004 | 30.9 |
Respiratory | 952 | 7.8 | 4078 | 10.4 | 3117 | 11.6 | 65 | 2.7 | 8212 | 10.2 |
Symptoms/signs/ill-defined | 603 | 5.0 | 343 | 0.9 | 39 | 0.1 | 340 | 13.9 | 1325 | 1.6 |
External causes | 754 | 6.2 | 416 | 1.1 | 788 | 2.9 | 657 | 26.9 | 2615 | 3.2 |
Other | 1604 | 13.2 | 3926 | 10.0 | 3553 | 13.2 | 275 | 11.2 | 9358 | 11.6 |
Household | ||||||||||
Cohabiting | 3231 | 26.6 | 21,727 | 55.2 | 8692 | 32.2 | 240 | 9.8 | 33,890 | 41.9 |
Living alone | 4038 | 33.2 | 15,341 | 39.0 | 8825 | 32.7 | 336 | 13.7 | 28,540 | 35.3 |
Missingb | 4887 | 40.2 | 2277 | 5.8 | 9445 | 35.0 | 1869 | 76.4 | 18,478 | 22.8 |
Municipality population | ||||||||||
0–2000 | 425 | 3.5 | 1472 | 3.7 | 767 | 2.8 | 123 | 5.0 | 2787 | 3.4 |
2001–5000 | 1460 | 12.0 | 4733 | 12.0 | 2508 | 9.3 | 271 | 11.1 | 8972 | 11.1 |
5001–10,000 | 1795 | 14.8 | 5579 | 14.2 | 3381 | 12.5 | 354 | 14.5 | 11,109 | 13.7 |
10,001–50,000 | 4840 | 39.8 | 14,844 | 37.7 | 10,504 | 39.0 | 903 | 36.9 | 31,091 | 38.4 |
50,001- | 3603 | 29.6 | 12,632 | 32.1 | 9683 | 35.9 | 746 | 30.5 | 26,664 | 33.0 |
Missingb | 33 | 0.3 | 85 | 0.2 | 119 | 0.4 | 48 | 2.0 | 285 | 0.4 |
Municipality centralityc | ||||||||||
Least central | 1531 | 12.6 | 5129 | 13.0 | 2850 | 10.6 | 346 | 14.2 | 9856 | 12.2 |
Less central | 858 | 7.1 | 2664 | 6.8 | 1859 | 6.9 | 201 | 8.2 | 5582 | 6.9 |
Somewhat central | 2431 | 20.0 | 7651 | 19.4 | 4954 | 18.4 | 393 | 16.1 | 15,429 | 19.1 |
Central | 7303 | 60.1 | 23,816 | 60.5 | 17,180 | 63.7 | 1457 | 59.6 | 49,756 | 61.5 |
Missingb | 33 | 0.3 | 85 | 0.2 | 119 | 0.4 | 48 | 2.0 | 285 | 0.4 |
Nursing homed | ||||||||||
Yes | 1448 | 11.9 | 39,945 | 100.0 | 7945 | 29.5 | 139 | 5.7 | 48,877 | 60.4 |
No | 10,708 | 88.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 19,017 | 70.5 | 2306 | 94.3 | 32,031 | 39.6 |
Domiciliary cared | ||||||||||
Yes | 7055 | 58.0 | 16,455 | 41.8 | 15,456 | 57.3 | 479 | 19.6 | 39,445 | 48.8 |
No | 5101 | 42.0 | 22,890 | 58.2 | 11,506 | 42.7 | 1966 | 80.4 | 41,463 | 51.2 |
Comparing home deaths with deaths in nursing homes and hospitals
Home versus nursing homea | Home versus hospitala | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted RRR | CI | p | Adjusted RRR | CI | p | |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 0.67 | 0.64, 0.71 | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.93, 1.02 | 0.223 |
Male | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Age | ||||||
0–39 | 49.76 | 38.34, 64.58 | < 0.001 | 2.21 | 1.94, 2.51 | < 0.001 |
40–49 | 19.77 | 16.55, 23.61 | < 0.001 | 2.61 | 2.31, 2.96 | < 0.001 |
50–59 | 11.71 | 10.55, 12.99 | < 0.001 | 2.38 | 2.18, 2.60 | < 0.001 |
60–69 | 7.20 | 6.68, 7.75 | < 0.001 | 1.91 | 1.78, 2.04 | < 0.001 |
70–79 | 2.71 | 2.55, 2.89 | < 0.001 | 1.32 | 1.24, 1.41 | < 0.001 |
80–89 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
90+ | 0.55 | 0.52, 0.59 | < 0.001 | 1.11 | 1.03, 1.19 | 0.006 |
Cause of death | ||||||
Infectious and parasitic diseases | 0.95 | 0.88, 1.04 | 0.267 | 1.03 | 0.95, 1.12 | 0.461 |
Cancer | 0.22 | 0.21, 0.24 | < 0.001 | 0.48 | 0.45, 0.51 | < 0.001 |
Dementia | 0.23 | 0.20, 0.26 | < 0.001 | 3.18 | 2.64, 3.82 | < 0.001 |
Circulatory | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Respiratory | 0.51 | 0.47, 0.56 | < 0.001 | 0.60 | 0.55, 0.65 | < 0.001 |
Symptoms/signs/ill-defined | 3.84 | 3.29, 4.48 | < 0.001 | 32.21 | 23.22, 44.71 | < 0.001 |
External causes | 1.92 | 1.66, 2.21 | < 0.001 | 1.55 | 1.38, 1.74 | < 0.001 |
Other | 0.58 | 0.54, 0.63 | < 0.001 | 0.76 | 0.71, 0.82 | < 0.001 |
Municipality population | ||||||
0–2000 | 1.11 | 0.97, 1.28 | 0.135 | 1.67 | 1.45, 1.93 | < 0.001 |
2001–5000 | 1.13 | 1.03, 1.24 | 0008 | 1.73 | 1.58, 1.93 | < 0.001 |
5001–10,000 | 1.11 | 1.02, 1.20 | 0.014 | 1.54 | 1.42, 1.66 | < 0.001 |
10,001–50,000 | 1.06 | 1.00, 1.13 | 0.033 | 1.30 | 1.23, 1.37 | < 0.001 |
50,001- | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Municipality centrality | ||||||
Least central | 0.95 | 0.87, 1.03 | 0.227 | 0.94 | 0.86, 1.03 | 0.198 |
Less central | 1.07 | 0.97, 1 17 | 0.190 | 0.90 | 0.82, 0.99 | 0.024 |
Somewhat central | 1.02 | 0.96, 1.09 | 0.465 | 1.01 | 0.95, 1.07 | 0.839 |
Central | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Domiciliary care | ||||||
Yes | 2.70 | 2.58, 2.83 | < 0.001 | 1.35 | 1.29, 1.42 | < 0.001 |
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Comparing potentially planned and unplanned home deaths
Potentially planned home death | Unplanned home death | All deaths | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % |
p
| n | % | |
All | 5089 | 100 | 7067 | 100 | 80,908 | 100 | |
Sex | < 0.001 | ||||||
Female | 2458 | 48.3 | 2717 | 38.5 | 42,290 | 52.3 | |
Male | 2631 | 51.7 | 4350 | 61.5 | 38,618 | 47.7 | |
Age (years) | < 0.001 | ||||||
0–39 | 60 | 1.2 | 489 | 6.9 | 1841 | 2.3 | |
40–49 | 113 | 2.2 | 437 | 6.2 | 1728 | 2.1 | |
50–59 | 367 | 7.2 | 882 | 12.5 | 4291 | 5.3 | |
60–69 | 887 | 17.4 | 1494 | 21.1 | 9975 | 12.3 | |
70–79 | 1115 | 21.9 | 1423 | 20.1 | 15,053 | 18.6 | |
80–89 | 1673 | 32.9 | 1620 | 22.9 | 29,360 | 36.3 | |
90+ | 874 | 17.2 | 722 | 10.2 | 18,660 | 23.1 | |
Cause of deathb | < 0.001 | ||||||
Cancer | 2225 | 43.7 | 423 | 6.0 | 21,913 | 27.1 | |
Circulatory | 2071 | 40.7 | 2173 | 30.7 | 25,004 | 30.9 | |
Respiratory | 602 | 11.8 | 350 | 5.0 | 8212 | 10.2 | |
Neurological | 155 | 3.0 | 48 | 0.7 | 1819 | 2.2 | |
Renal | 36 | 0.7 | 16 | 0.2 | 489 | 0.6 | |
Other | 0 | 0.0 | 4057 | 57.4 | 23,471 | 29.0 | |
Household | < 0.001 | ||||||
Cohabiting | 2273 | 44.7 | 958 | 13.6 | 33,890 | 41.9 | |
Living alone | 2366 | 46.5 | 1672 | 23.7 | 28,540 | 35.3 | |
Missingc | 450 | 8.8 | 4437 | 62.8 | 18,478 | 22.8 | |
Municipality population | < 0.001 | ||||||
0–2000 | 175 | 3.4 | 250 | 3.5 | 2787 | 3.4 | |
2001–5000 | 651 | 12.8 | 809 | 11.4 | 8972 | 11.1 | |
5001–10,000 | 826 | 16.2 | 969 | 13.7 | 11,109 | 13.7 | |
10,001–50,000 | 2092 | 41.1 | 2748 | 38.9 | 31,091 | 38.4 | |
50,001- | 1337 | 26.3 | 2266 | 32.1 | 26,664 | 33.0 | |
Missingc | 8 | 0.2 | 25 | 0.4 | 285 | 0.4 | |
Municipality centrality | < 0.001 | ||||||
Least central | 647 | 12.7 | 884 | 12.5 | 9856 | 12.2 | |
Less central | 377 | 7.4 | 481 | 6.8 | 5582 | 6.9 | |
Somewhat central | 1071 | 21.0 | 1360 | 19.2 | 15,429 | 19.1 | |
Central | 2986 | 58.7 | 4317 | 61.1 | 49,756 | 61.5 | |
Missingc | 8 | 0.2 | 25 | 0.4 | 285 | 0.4 | |
Nursing homed | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 860 | 16.9 | 549 | 7.8 | 46,638 | 57.6 | |
No | 4229 | 83.1 | 6518 | 92.2 | 34,270 | 42.2 | |
Domiciliary cared | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 5089 | 100.0 | 1966 | 27.8 | 39,445 | 48.8 | |
No | 0 | 0.0 | 5101 | 72.2 | 41,463 | 51.2 |
Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI |
p
| Adjusted OR | CI |
p
| Adjusted OR | CI |
p
| |
Sex | |||||||||
Female | 1.50 | (1.39, 1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.29 | (1.20, 1.40) | < 0.001 | 0.90 | (0.81, 0.99) | 0.039 |
Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Age | |||||||||
0–39 | 0.12 | (0.09, 0.16) | < 0.001 | 0.14 | (0.11, 0.18) | < 0.001 | 0.19 | (0.13, 0.26) | < 0.001 |
40–49 | 0.25 | (0.20, 0.31) | < 0.001 | 0.29 | (0.23, 0.37) | < 0.001 | 0.41 | (0.31, 0.54) | < 0.001 |
50–59 | 0.40 | (0.35, 0.46) | < 0.001 | 0.46 | (0.40, 0.53) | < 0.001 | 0.71 | (0.59, 0.87) | 0.001 |
60–69 | 0.57 | (0.52, 0.64) | < 0.001 | 0.65 | (0.58, 0.72) | < 0.001 | 1.26 | (1.07, 1.48) | 0.005 |
70–79 | 0.76 | (0.68, 0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.82 | (0.74, 0.91) | < 0.001 | 1.32 | (1.14, 1.52) | < 0.001 |
80–89 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
90+ | 1.17 | (1.04, 1.32) | 0.009 | 1.10 | (0.97, 1.25) | 0.122 | 0.80 | (0.70, 0.92) | 0.002 |
Municipality population | |||||||||
0–2000 | 1.19 | (0.97, 1.46) | 0.102 | 1.29 | (1.02, 1.64) | 0.032 | 1.40 | (1.01, 1.95) | 0.043 |
2001–5000 | 1.36 | (1.21, 1.54) | < 0.001 | 1.36 | (1.17, 1.58) | < 0.001 | 1.40 | (1.15, 1.71) | 0.001 |
5001–10,000 | 1.44 | (1.29, 1.62) | < 0.001 | 1.46 | (1.28, 1.67) | < 0.001 | 1.47 | (1.22, 1.75) | < 0.001 |
10,001–50,000 | 1.29 | (1.18, 1.41) | < 0.001 | 1.27 | (1.15, 1.40) | < 0.001 | 1.27 | (1.12, 1.44) | < 0.001 |
50,001- | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Municipality centrality | |||||||||
Least central | 1.06 | (0.95, 1.18) | 0.321 | 0.85 | (0.74, 0.99) | 0.031 | 0.94 | (0.78, 1.15) | 0.570 |
Less central | 1.13 | (0.98, 1.31) | 0.086 | 0.99 | (0.85, 1.16) | 0.923 | 1.02 | (0.82, 1.26) | 0.868 |
Somewhat central | 1.14 | (1.04, 1.25) | 0.006 | 0.99 | (0.89, 1.10) | 0.877 | 0.99 | (0.86, 1.14) | 0.904 |
Central | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Nursing home | |||||||||
Yes | 2.44 | (2.18, 2.73) | < 0.001 | 2.00 | (1.78, 2.25) | < 0.001 | 0.78 | (0.68, 0.88) | < 0.001 |
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Household | |||||||||
Cohabiting | 1.68 | (1.52, 1.85) | < 0.001 | 1.62 | (1.46, 1.80) | < 0.001 | |||
Living alone | Ref. | Ref. |