Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 10/2014

01.10.2014 | Leitthema

Volumentherapie bei Hämorrhagie

verfasst von: PD Dr. M. Roessler, D.E.A.A., EDIC, K. Bode, M. Bauer

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 10/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Wie eine Volumentherapie bei akuter Hämorrhagie durchgeführt werden soll, wird nach wie vor kontrovers diskutiert. Obwohl die forcierte Gabe von Kristalloiden und Kolloiden lange Zeit praktiziert wurde und auch noch praktiziert wird, gibt es heute gute Argumente dafür, dass eine zurückhaltende Infusion von Kristalloiden zunächst ausreichend sein kann. Allerdings sollte 0,9 %ige NaCl-Lösung als Volumenersatz nicht mehr verabreicht werden. Für eine zurückhaltende Volumentherapie spricht, dass keine großen prospektiven und randomisierten Studien existieren, die bewiesen hätten, dass die forcierte Gabe von Volumenersatzmitteln die Überlebensrate verbessert. Dass bislang kein positiver Effekt beobachtet werden konnte, wird damit erklärt, dass die Volumentherapie selbst eine Blutung durch einen Blutdruckanstieg und eine Dilutionskoagulopathie verstärken soll. Gleichwohl empfehlen nationale und internationale Leitlinien, dass ein Volumenersatz spätestens dann verabreicht werden soll, wenn die Hämodynamik unter einer Blutung instabil wird. Es muss auch bedacht werden, dass eine „damage control resuscitation“ per se weder eine bereits reduzierte Gewebeperfusion noch die Hämostase verbessert. Im akuten und ggf. schnell progredienten Volumenmangelschock können Kolloide den Kristalloiden unter dem Aspekt einer hämodynamischen Stabilisierung überlegen sein. Hydroxyethylstärke (HES) der 3. und 4. Generation ist bei gegebener Indikation und unter Beachtung der Höchstdosierung sicher. Werden Volumenersatzmittel unter ständiger Reevaluation der Parameter, die das Sauerstoffangebot beeinflussen, verabreicht, sollte das Ziel sein, so wenig zu infundieren, dass es nicht zu unerwünschten Effekten kommt, aber so viel, dass die Versorgung des Gewebes mit Sauerstoff und das Überleben der Patienten sichergestellt sind.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams HA (Federführender Autor) (2005) Sprecher der IAG Schock der DIVI. Zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Schockformen – Empfehlungen der Interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Schock der DIVI – Teil II Hypovolämischer Schock. Anasthesiol Intensivmed 4:111–124 Adams HA (Federführender Autor) (2005) Sprecher der IAG Schock der DIVI. Zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Schockformen – Empfehlungen der Interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Schock der DIVI – Teil II Hypovolämischer Schock. Anasthesiol Intensivmed 4:111–124
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Annane D, Siami S, Jaber S et al (2013) Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: the CRISTAL randomized trial. JAMA 310(17):1809–1817PubMed Annane D, Siami S, Jaber S et al (2013) Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: the CRISTAL randomized trial. JAMA 310(17):1809–1817PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Appelman MH, Barneveld LJ van, Romijn JW et al (2011) The impact of balanced hydroxylethyl starch cardiopulmonary bypass priming solution on the fibrin part of clot formation: ex vivo rotation thromboelastometry. Perfusion 26(3):175–180PubMed Appelman MH, Barneveld LJ van, Romijn JW et al (2011) The impact of balanced hydroxylethyl starch cardiopulmonary bypass priming solution on the fibrin part of clot formation: ex vivo rotation thromboelastometry. Perfusion 26(3):175–180PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS et al (2003) Supranormal trauma resuscitation causes more cases of abdominal compartment syndrome. Arch Surg 138(6):637–642PubMed Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS et al (2003) Supranormal trauma resuscitation causes more cases of abdominal compartment syndrome. Arch Surg 138(6):637–642PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Barriot P, Riou B (1987) Hemorrhagic shock with paradoxical bradycardia. Intensive Care Med 13:203–217PubMed Barriot P, Riou B (1987) Hemorrhagic shock with paradoxical bradycardia. Intensive Care Med 13:203–217PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Battison C, Andrews PJ, Graham C, Petty T (2005) Randomized, controlled trial on the effect of a 20 % mannitol solution and a 7.5 % saline/6 % dextran solution on increased intracranial pressure after brain injury. Crit Care Med 33(1):196–202PubMed Battison C, Andrews PJ, Graham C, Petty T (2005) Randomized, controlled trial on the effect of a 20 % mannitol solution and a 7.5 % saline/6 % dextran solution on increased intracranial pressure after brain injury. Crit Care Med 33(1):196–202PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Becker BF, Chappell D, Jacob M (2010) Endothelial glycocalyx and coronary vascular permeability: the fringe benefit. Basic Res Cardiol 105(6):687–701PubMed Becker BF, Chappell D, Jacob M (2010) Endothelial glycocalyx and coronary vascular permeability: the fringe benefit. Basic Res Cardiol 105(6):687–701PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE et al (1994) Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 331(17):1105–1109PubMed Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE et al (1994) Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 331(17):1105–1109PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Biffl WL, Moore EE, Burch JM et al (2001) Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome is a highly lethal event. Am J Surg 182(6):645–648PubMed Biffl WL, Moore EE, Burch JM et al (2001) Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome is a highly lethal event. Am J Surg 182(6):645–648PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Bishop MH, Shoemaker WC, Appel PL et al (1995) Prospective, randomized trial of survivor values of cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption as resuscitation endpoints in severe trauma. J Trauma 38(5):780–787PubMed Bishop MH, Shoemaker WC, Appel PL et al (1995) Prospective, randomized trial of survivor values of cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption as resuscitation endpoints in severe trauma. J Trauma 38(5):780–787PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Boerema I, Meyne NG, Brummelkamp WH et al (1959) Life without blood (a study of influence of high atmospheric pressure and hypothermia on dilution of blood). J Cardiovasc Surg 13:133–146 Boerema I, Meyne NG, Brummelkamp WH et al (1959) Life without blood (a study of influence of high atmospheric pressure and hypothermia on dilution of blood). J Cardiovasc Surg 13:133–146
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Boerema I (1965) The use of hyperbaric oxygen. Am Heart J 69(3):289–291PubMed Boerema I (1965) The use of hyperbaric oxygen. Am Heart J 69(3):289–291PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Bolliger D, Görlinger K, Tanaka KA (2010) Pathophysiology and treatment of coagulopathy in massive hemorrhage and hemodilution. Anesthesiology 113(5):1205–1219PubMed Bolliger D, Görlinger K, Tanaka KA (2010) Pathophysiology and treatment of coagulopathy in massive hemorrhage and hemodilution. Anesthesiology 113(5):1205–1219PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Brasel KJ, Guse C, Gentilello LM, Nirula R (2007) Heart rate: is it truly a vital sign? J Trauma 62:812–817PubMed Brasel KJ, Guse C, Gentilello LM, Nirula R (2007) Heart rate: is it truly a vital sign? J Trauma 62:812–817PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F et al (2008) Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 358(2):125–139PubMed Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F et al (2008) Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 358(2):125–139PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunkhorst FM, Gastmeier P, Kern W et al (2010) Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge der Sepsis. 1. Revision der S-2k Leitlinien der Deutschen Sepsis-Gesellschaft e. V. (DSG) und der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI). Internist 51(7):925–932PubMed Brunkhorst FM, Gastmeier P, Kern W et al (2010) Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge der Sepsis. 1. Revision der S-2k Leitlinien der Deutschen Sepsis-Gesellschaft e. V. (DSG) und der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI). Internist 51(7):925–932PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Bulger EM, Jurkovich GJ, Nathens AB et al (2008) Hypertonic resuscitation of hypovolemic shock after blunt trauma: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg 143(2):139–148PubMed Bulger EM, Jurkovich GJ, Nathens AB et al (2008) Hypertonic resuscitation of hypovolemic shock after blunt trauma: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg 143(2):139–148PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bunn F, Roberts I, Tasker R, Akpa E (2004) Hypertonic versus near isotonic crystalloid for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD002045PubMed Bunn F, Roberts I, Tasker R, Akpa E (2004) Hypertonic versus near isotonic crystalloid for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD002045PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Bunn F, Trivedi D, Ashraf S (2011) Colloid solutions for fluid resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 16(3):CD001319 Bunn F, Trivedi D, Ashraf S (2011) Colloid solutions for fluid resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 16(3):CD001319
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Campagna J, Carter C (2003) Clinical relevance of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Anesthesiology 98:1250–1260PubMed Campagna J, Carter C (2003) Clinical relevance of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Anesthesiology 98:1250–1260PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Carl M, Alms A, Braun J et al (2010) S3 guidelines for intensive care in cardiac surgery patients: hemodynamic monitoring and cardiocirculary system. Ger Med Sci 8:Doc12PubMedPubMedCentral Carl M, Alms A, Braun J et al (2010) S3 guidelines for intensive care in cardiac surgery patients: hemodynamic monitoring and cardiocirculary system. Ger Med Sci 8:Doc12PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Chappell D, Jacob M, Becker BF et al (2008) Expedition Glykokalyx. Ein neu entdecktes „great barrier reef“. Anaesthesist 57(10):959–969PubMed Chappell D, Jacob M, Becker BF et al (2008) Expedition Glykokalyx. Ein neu entdecktes „great barrier reef“. Anaesthesist 57(10):959–969PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Chappell D, Jacob M, Hofmann-Kiefer K et al (2008) A rational approach to perioperative fluid therapy. Anesthesiology 109:723–740PubMed Chappell D, Jacob M, Hofmann-Kiefer K et al (2008) A rational approach to perioperative fluid therapy. Anesthesiology 109:723–740PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Chappell D, Jacob M (2013) Hydroxyethyl starch – the important of being earnest. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21:61PubMedPubMedCentral Chappell D, Jacob M (2013) Hydroxyethyl starch – the important of being earnest. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21:61PubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR et al (1993) The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma 34(2):216–222PubMed Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR et al (1993) The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma 34(2):216–222PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper DJ, Myles PS, McDermott FT et al (2004) Prehospital hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with hypotension and severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291(11):1350–1357PubMed Cooper DJ, Myles PS, McDermott FT et al (2004) Prehospital hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with hypotension and severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291(11):1350–1357PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Cotton BA, Jerome R, Collier BR et al (2009) Guidelines for prehospital fluid resuscitation in the injured patient. J Trauma 67(2):389–402PubMed Cotton BA, Jerome R, Collier BR et al (2009) Guidelines for prehospital fluid resuscitation in the injured patient. J Trauma 67(2):389–402PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalrymple-Hay M, Aitchison R, Collins P et al (1992) Hydroxyethyl starch induced acquired von Willebrand’s disease. Clin Lab Haematol 4:209–211 Dalrymple-Hay M, Aitchison R, Collins P et al (1992) Hydroxyethyl starch induced acquired von Willebrand’s disease. Clin Lab Haematol 4:209–211
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Damon L, Adams M, Stricker RB, Ries C (1987) Intracranial bleeding during treatment with hydroxyethyl starch. N Engl J Med 317:964–965PubMed Damon L, Adams M, Stricker RB, Ries C (1987) Intracranial bleeding during treatment with hydroxyethyl starch. N Engl J Med 317:964–965PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat De Jonge E, Levi M, Berends F et al (1998) Impaired hemostasis by intravenous administration of a gelatin-based plasma expander in human subjects. Thromb Haemost 79(2):286–290 De Jonge E, Levi M, Berends F et al (1998) Impaired hemostasis by intravenous administration of a gelatin-based plasma expander in human subjects. Thromb Haemost 79(2):286–290
31.
Zurück zum Zitat De Jonge E, Levi M (2001) Effects of different plasma substitutes on blood coagulation: a comparative review. Crit Care Med 29(6):1261–1267 De Jonge E, Levi M (2001) Effects of different plasma substitutes on blood coagulation: a comparative review. Crit Care Med 29(6):1261–1267
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al (2013) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39(2):165–228PubMed Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al (2013) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39(2):165–228PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Demetriades D, Chan LS, Bhasin P et al (1998) Relative bradycardia in patients with traumatic hypotension. J Trauma 45:534–549PubMed Demetriades D, Chan LS, Bhasin P et al (1998) Relative bradycardia in patients with traumatic hypotension. J Trauma 45:534–549PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Deusch E, Thaler U, Kozek-Langenecker SA (2004) The effects of high molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch solutions on platelets. Anesth Analg 99(3):665–668PubMed Deusch E, Thaler U, Kozek-Langenecker SA (2004) The effects of high molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch solutions on platelets. Anesth Analg 99(3):665–668PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (Hrsg) (2011) S-3 Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten Behandlung. AWMF Register 012/019. 01.07.2011. http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/012-019.html Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (Hrsg) (2011) S-3 Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten Behandlung. AWMF Register 012/019. 01.07.2011. http://​www.​awmf.​org/​leitlinien/​detail/​ll/​012-019.​html
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Donati A, Loggi S, Preiser JC et al (2007) Goal-directed intraoperative therapy reduces morbidity and length of hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 132(6):1817–1824PubMed Donati A, Loggi S, Preiser JC et al (2007) Goal-directed intraoperative therapy reduces morbidity and length of hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 132(6):1817–1824PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Dorje P, Adhikary G, Tempe DK (2000) Avoiding iatrogenic hyperchloremic acidosis – call for a new crystalloid fluid. Anesthesiology 92(2):625–626PubMed Dorje P, Adhikary G, Tempe DK (2000) Avoiding iatrogenic hyperchloremic acidosis – call for a new crystalloid fluid. Anesthesiology 92(2):625–626PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Dutton RP, Mackenzie CF, Scalea TM (2002) Hypotensive resuscitation during active hemorrhage: impact on in-hospital mortality. J Trauma 52(6):1141–1146PubMed Dutton RP, Mackenzie CF, Scalea TM (2002) Hypotensive resuscitation during active hemorrhage: impact on in-hospital mortality. J Trauma 52(6):1141–1146PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Eastridge BJ, Salinas J, McManus JG et al (2007) Hypotension begins at 110 mmHg: redefining „hypotension“ with data. J Trauma 63:291–299PubMed Eastridge BJ, Salinas J, McManus JG et al (2007) Hypotension begins at 110 mmHg: redefining „hypotension“ with data. J Trauma 63:291–299PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Entholzner EK, Mielke LL, Calatzis AN et al (2000) Coagulation effects of a recently developed hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4) compared to hydroxyethyl starches with higher molecular weight. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44(9):1116–1121PubMed Entholzner EK, Mielke LL, Calatzis AN et al (2000) Coagulation effects of a recently developed hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4) compared to hydroxyethyl starches with higher molecular weight. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44(9):1116–1121PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Falk JL, Rackow E, Astiz M, Weil MH (1988) Fluid resuscitation in shock. J Cardiothor Anesth 2(6):33–38 Falk JL, Rackow E, Astiz M, Weil MH (1988) Fluid resuscitation in shock. J Cardiothor Anesth 2(6):33–38
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N et al (2004) A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. SAFE Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 350(22):2247–2256PubMed Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N et al (2004) A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. SAFE Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 350(22):2247–2256PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Fishman AP (1973) Shock lung: a distinctive nonentity. Circulation 47(5):921–923PubMed Fishman AP (1973) Shock lung: a distinctive nonentity. Circulation 47(5):921–923PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Fries D, Innerhofer P, Perger P et al (2010) Coagulation management in trauma-related massive bleeding. – Recommendations of the Task Force for Coagulation (AGPG) of the Austrian Society of Anesthesiology, Resucitation and Intensive Care Medicine (OGARI). Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 45(9):552–561PubMed Fries D, Innerhofer P, Perger P et al (2010) Coagulation management in trauma-related massive bleeding. – Recommendations of the Task Force for Coagulation (AGPG) of the Austrian Society of Anesthesiology, Resucitation and Intensive Care Medicine (OGARI). Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 45(9):552–561PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuller G, Hasler RM, Mealing N et al (2014) The association between admission systolic blood pressure and mortality in significant traumatic brain injury: a multi-centre cohort study. Injury 45(3):612–617PubMed Fuller G, Hasler RM, Mealing N et al (2014) The association between admission systolic blood pressure and mortality in significant traumatic brain injury: a multi-centre cohort study. Injury 45(3):612–617PubMed
46.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Guidet B, Martinet O, Boulain T et al (2012) Assessment of hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6 % hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 vs. 0.9 % NaCl fluid replacement in patients with severe sepsis: the CRYSTMAS study. Crit Care 16(3):R94PubMedPubMedCentral Guidet B, Martinet O, Boulain T et al (2012) Assessment of hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6 % hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 vs. 0.9 % NaCl fluid replacement in patients with severe sepsis: the CRYSTMAS study. Crit Care 16(3):R94PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamilton-Davies C, Mythen MG, Salmon JB et al (1997) Comparison of commonly used clinical indicators of hypovolaemia with gastrointestinal tonometry. Intensive Care Med 23(3):276–281PubMed Hamilton-Davies C, Mythen MG, Salmon JB et al (1997) Comparison of commonly used clinical indicators of hypovolaemia with gastrointestinal tonometry. Intensive Care Med 23(3):276–281PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Hampton DA, Fabricant LJ, Differding J et al (2013) Prehospital intravenous fluid is associated with increased survival in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 75(1 Suppl 1):S9–S15PubMedPubMedCentral Hampton DA, Fabricant LJ, Differding J et al (2013) Prehospital intravenous fluid is associated with increased survival in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 75(1 Suppl 1):S9–S15PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartog CS, Bauer M, Reinhart K (2011) The efficacy and safety of colloid resuscitation in the critically ill. Anesth Analg 112(1):156–164PubMed Hartog CS, Bauer M, Reinhart K (2011) The efficacy and safety of colloid resuscitation in the critically ill. Anesth Analg 112(1):156–164PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Hasler RM, Nuesch E, Jüni P et al (2011) Systolic blood pressure below 110 mmHg is associated with increased mortality in blunt major trauma patients: multicentre cohort study. Resuscitation 82:1202–1207PubMed Hasler RM, Nuesch E, Jüni P et al (2011) Systolic blood pressure below 110 mmHg is associated with increased mortality in blunt major trauma patients: multicentre cohort study. Resuscitation 82:1202–1207PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Helm M, Hauke J, Kohler J, Lampl L (2013) Das Konzept der „small volume resuscitation“ im Rahmen des präklinischen Traumamanagements. Unfallchirurg 116:326–331PubMed Helm M, Hauke J, Kohler J, Lampl L (2013) Das Konzept der „small volume resuscitation“ im Rahmen des präklinischen Traumamanagements. Unfallchirurg 116:326–331PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Holcomb JB, Jenkins D, Rhee P et al (2007) Damage control resuscitation: directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma. J Trauma 62(2):307–310PubMed Holcomb JB, Jenkins D, Rhee P et al (2007) Damage control resuscitation: directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma. J Trauma 62(2):307–310PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Hussmann B, Taeger G, Lefering R et al (2011) TraumaRegister der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. Letalität und Outcome beim Mehrfachverletzten nach schwerem Abdominal- und Beckentrauma. Einfluss der präklinischen Volumengabe – eine Auswertung von 604 Patienten des TraumaRegisters der DGU. Unfallchirurg 114(8):705–712PubMed Hussmann B, Taeger G, Lefering R et al (2011) TraumaRegister der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. Letalität und Outcome beim Mehrfachverletzten nach schwerem Abdominal- und Beckentrauma. Einfluss der präklinischen Volumengabe – eine Auswertung von 604 Patienten des TraumaRegisters der DGU. Unfallchirurg 114(8):705–712PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Innerhofer P, Fries D, Margreiter J et al (2002) The effects of perioperatively administered colloids and crystalloids on primary platelet-mediated hemostasis and clot formation. Anesth Analg 95(4):858–865PubMed Innerhofer P, Fries D, Margreiter J et al (2002) The effects of perioperatively administered colloids and crystalloids on primary platelet-mediated hemostasis and clot formation. Anesth Analg 95(4):858–865PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacob M, Rehm M, Orth V et al (2003) Exact measurement of the volume effect of 6 % hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) during acute preoperative normovolemic hemodilution. Anaesthesist 52:896–904PubMed Jacob M, Rehm M, Orth V et al (2003) Exact measurement of the volume effect of 6 % hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) during acute preoperative normovolemic hemodilution. Anaesthesist 52:896–904PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacob M, Bruegger D, Rehm M et al (2006) Contrasting effects of colloid and crystalloid resuscitation fluids on cardiac vascular permeability. Anesthesiology 104(6):1223–1231PubMed Jacob M, Bruegger D, Rehm M et al (2006) Contrasting effects of colloid and crystalloid resuscitation fluids on cardiac vascular permeability. Anesthesiology 104(6):1223–1231PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacob M, Chappell D, Rehm M (2007) Clinical update: perioperative fluid management. Lancet 369(9578):1984–1986PubMed Jacob M, Chappell D, Rehm M (2007) Clinical update: perioperative fluid management. Lancet 369(9578):1984–1986PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacob M, Bruegger D, Rehm M et al (2007) The endothelial glycocalyx affords compatibility of Starling’s principle and high cardiac interstitial albumin levels. Cardiovasc Res 73(3):575–586PubMed Jacob M, Bruegger D, Rehm M et al (2007) The endothelial glycocalyx affords compatibility of Starling’s principle and high cardiac interstitial albumin levels. Cardiovasc Res 73(3):575–586PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacob M, Chapell D (2009) Mythen und Fakten der perioperativen Infusionstherapie. Anasth Intensivmed 50:358–376 Jacob M, Chapell D (2009) Mythen und Fakten der perioperativen Infusionstherapie. Anasth Intensivmed 50:358–376
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacob M, Chappell D, Rehm M (2009) The ‚third space’-fact or fiction? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 23(2):145–157PubMed Jacob M, Chappell D, Rehm M (2009) The ‚third space’-fact or fiction? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 23(2):145–157PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaeger M, Dengl M, Meixensberger J, Schuhmann MU (2010) Effects of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity-guided optimization of cerebral perfusion pressure on brain tissue oxygenation after traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 38(5):1343–1347PubMed Jaeger M, Dengl M, Meixensberger J, Schuhmann MU (2010) Effects of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity-guided optimization of cerebral perfusion pressure on brain tissue oxygenation after traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 38(5):1343–1347PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat James MF, Michell WL, Joubert IA et al (2011) Resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch improves renal function and lactate clearance in penetrating trauma in a randomized controlled study: the FIRST trial (Fluids in Resuscitation of Severe Trauma). Br J Anaesth 107(5):693–702PubMed James MF, Michell WL, Joubert IA et al (2011) Resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch improves renal function and lactate clearance in penetrating trauma in a randomized controlled study: the FIRST trial (Fluids in Resuscitation of Severe Trauma). Br J Anaesth 107(5):693–702PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones PA, Andrews PJ, Midgley S et al (1994) Measuring the burden of secondary insults in head-injured patients during intensive care. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6(1):4–14PubMed Jones PA, Andrews PJ, Midgley S et al (1994) Measuring the burden of secondary insults in head-injured patients during intensive care. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6(1):4–14PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan S, Brohi K, Chana M et al (2014) Hemostatic resuscitation is neither hemostatic nor resuscitative in trauma hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 76(3):561–567PubMed Khan S, Brohi K, Chana M et al (2014) Hemostatic resuscitation is neither hemostatic nor resuscitative in trauma hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 76(3):561–567PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozek-Langenecker SA, Jungheinrich C, Sauermann W, Van der Linden P (2008) The effects of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (6 %) on blood loss and use of blood products in major surgery: a pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials. Anesth Analg 107(2):382–390PubMed Kozek-Langenecker SA, Jungheinrich C, Sauermann W, Van der Linden P (2008) The effects of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (6 %) on blood loss and use of blood products in major surgery: a pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials. Anesth Analg 107(2):382–390PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Krappweis J, Diesinger C (2013) Hydroxyethylstärke (HES): Start eines europäischen Risikobewertungsverfahrens. BfArM Bulletin Arzneimittelsicherheit 1:3–6 Krappweis J, Diesinger C (2013) Hydroxyethylstärke (HES): Start eines europäischen Risikobewertungsverfahrens. BfArM Bulletin Arzneimittelsicherheit 1:3–6
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I, WHO Pre-Hospital Trauma Care Steering Committee (2009) Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD002245 Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I, WHO Pre-Hospital Trauma Care Steering Committee (2009) Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD002245
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamke LO, Liljedahl SO (1976) Plasma volume changes after infusion of various plasma expanders. Resuscitation 5(2):93–102PubMed Lamke LO, Liljedahl SO (1976) Plasma volume changes after infusion of various plasma expanders. Resuscitation 5(2):93–102PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Laubenthal H (1997) BSE und Heparin- bzw. Gelatinepräparate. Anaesthesist 46:253–254PubMed Laubenthal H (1997) BSE und Heparin- bzw. Gelatinepräparate. Anaesthesist 46:253–254PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Laxenaire MC, Charpentier C, Feldmann L (1994) Réactions anaphylactoides aux substituts colloidaux du plasma: incidence de risque, mécanismes. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 13:301–310PubMed Laxenaire MC, Charpentier C, Feldmann L (1994) Réactions anaphylactoides aux substituts colloidaux du plasma: incidence de risque, mécanismes. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 13:301–310PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Levi M, Jonge ED (2007) Clinical relevance of the effects of plasma expanders on coagulation. Semin Thromb Hemost 33(8):810–815PubMed Levi M, Jonge ED (2007) Clinical relevance of the effects of plasma expanders on coagulation. Semin Thromb Hemost 33(8):810–815PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Ley EJ, Salim A, Kohanzadeh S et al (2009) Relative bradycardia in hypotensive trauma patients: a reappraisal. J Trauma 67(5):1051–1054PubMed Ley EJ, Salim A, Kohanzadeh S et al (2009) Relative bradycardia in hypotensive trauma patients: a reappraisal. J Trauma 67(5):1051–1054PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Lieberman JA, Weiskopf RB, Kelley SD et al (2000) Critical oxygen delivery in conscious humans is less than 7.3 ml O2 × kg(− 1) × min(− 1). Anesthesiology 92(2):407–413PubMed Lieberman JA, Weiskopf RB, Kelley SD et al (2000) Critical oxygen delivery in conscious humans is less than 7.3 ml O2 × kg(− 1) × min(− 1). Anesthesiology 92(2):407–413PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Lier H, Krep H, Schöchl H (2009) Coagulation management in the treatment of multiple trauma. Anaesthesist 58(10):1010–1026PubMed Lier H, Krep H, Schöchl H (2009) Coagulation management in the treatment of multiple trauma. Anaesthesist 58(10):1010–1026PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Little RA, Krikman E, Dricoll P et al (1995) Preventable deaths after injury: why are the traditional ‚vital‘ signs poor indicators of blood loss? J Accid Emerg Med 12(1):1–14PubMedPubMedCentral Little RA, Krikman E, Dricoll P et al (1995) Preventable deaths after injury: why are the traditional ‚vital‘ signs poor indicators of blood loss? J Accid Emerg Med 12(1):1–14PubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Lobo DN, Stanga Z, Aloysius MM et al (2010) Effect of volume loading with 1 liter intravenous infusions of 0.9 % saline, 4 % succinylated gelatine (Gelofusine) and 6 % hydroxyethyl starch (Voluven) on blood volume and endocrine responses: a randomized, three-way crossover study in healthy volunteers. Crit Care Med 38(2):464–470PubMed Lobo DN, Stanga Z, Aloysius MM et al (2010) Effect of volume loading with 1 liter intravenous infusions of 0.9 % saline, 4 % succinylated gelatine (Gelofusine) and 6 % hydroxyethyl starch (Voluven) on blood volume and endocrine responses: a randomized, three-way crossover study in healthy volunteers. Crit Care Med 38(2):464–470PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Lobo SM, Salgado PF, Castillo VG et al (2000) Effects of maximizing oxygen delivery on morbidity and mortality in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care Med 28(10):3396–3404PubMed Lobo SM, Salgado PF, Castillo VG et al (2000) Effects of maximizing oxygen delivery on morbidity and mortality in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care Med 28(10):3396–3404PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Mackey DC, Cerpenter RL, Thompson GE et al (1989) Bradycardia and asystole during spinal anaesthesia: a report of three cases without morbidity. Anesthesiology 70:866–868PubMed Mackey DC, Cerpenter RL, Thompson GE et al (1989) Bradycardia and asystole during spinal anaesthesia: a report of three cases without morbidity. Anesthesiology 70:866–868PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahmood A, Gosling P, Vohra RK (2007) Randomized clinical trial comparing the effects on renal function of hydroxyethyl starch or gelatine during aortic aneurysm surgery. Br J Surg 94(4):427–433PubMed Mahmood A, Gosling P, Vohra RK (2007) Randomized clinical trial comparing the effects on renal function of hydroxyethyl starch or gelatine during aortic aneurysm surgery. Br J Surg 94(4):427–433PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Maier S, Holz-Hölzl C, Pajk W et al (2009) Microcirculatory parameters after isotonic and hypertonic colloidal fluid resuscitation in acute hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 66(2):337–345PubMed Maier S, Holz-Hölzl C, Pajk W et al (2009) Microcirculatory parameters after isotonic and hypertonic colloidal fluid resuscitation in acute hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 66(2):337–345PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Manley G, Knudsen MM, Morabito D et al (2001) Hypotension, hypoxia, and head injury: frequency, duration and consequences. Arch Surg 136:1118–1123PubMed Manley G, Knudsen MM, Morabito D et al (2001) Hypotension, hypoxia, and head injury: frequency, duration and consequences. Arch Surg 136:1118–1123PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Mardel SN, Saunders FM, Allen H et al (1998) Reduced quality of clot formation with gelatin-based plasma substitutes. Br J Anaesth 80(2):204–207PubMed Mardel SN, Saunders FM, Allen H et al (1998) Reduced quality of clot formation with gelatin-based plasma substitutes. Br J Anaesth 80(2):204–207PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Mittermayr M, Streif W, Haas T et al (2007) Hemostatic changes after crystalloid or colloid fluid administration during major orthopedic surgery: the role of fibrinogen administration. Anesth Analg 105(4):905–917PubMed Mittermayr M, Streif W, Haas T et al (2007) Hemostatic changes after crystalloid or colloid fluid administration during major orthopedic surgery: the role of fibrinogen administration. Anesth Analg 105(4):905–917PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Mittermayr M, Streif W, Haas T et al (2008) Effects of colloid and crystalloid solutions on endogenous activation of fibrinolysis and resistance of polymerized fibrin to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator added ex vivo. Br J Anaesth 100(3):307–314PubMed Mittermayr M, Streif W, Haas T et al (2008) Effects of colloid and crystalloid solutions on endogenous activation of fibrinolysis and resistance of polymerized fibrin to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator added ex vivo. Br J Anaesth 100(3):307–314PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Morrison LJ, Baker AJ, Rhind SG et al (2011) The Toronto prehospital hypertonic resuscitation - head injury and multiorgan dysfunction trial: feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial. J Crit Care 26(4):363–372PubMed Morrison LJ, Baker AJ, Rhind SG et al (2011) The Toronto prehospital hypertonic resuscitation - head injury and multiorgan dysfunction trial: feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial. J Crit Care 26(4):363–372PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R et al (2012) Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 367(20):1901–1911PubMed Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R et al (2012) Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 367(20):1901–1911PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Billot L, CHEST Investigators (2013) Hydroxyethyl starch or saline in intensive care. N Engl J Med 368(8):775PubMed Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Billot L, CHEST Investigators (2013) Hydroxyethyl starch or saline in intensive care. N Engl J Med 368(8):775PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Neff TA, Doelberg M, Jungheinrich C et al (2003) Repetitive large-dose infusion of the novel hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in patients with severe head injury. Anesth Analg 96(5):1453–1459PubMed Neff TA, Doelberg M, Jungheinrich C et al (2003) Repetitive large-dose infusion of the novel hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in patients with severe head injury. Anesth Analg 96(5):1453–1459PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Ogilvie MP, Pereira BM, McKenney MG et al (2010) First report on safety and efficacy of hetastarch solution for initial fluid resuscitation at a level 1 trauma center. J Am Coll Surg 210(5):870–880, 880–882PubMed Ogilvie MP, Pereira BM, McKenney MG et al (2010) First report on safety and efficacy of hetastarch solution for initial fluid resuscitation at a level 1 trauma center. J Am Coll Surg 210(5):870–880, 880–882PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Perel P, Roberts I (2011) Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD000567PubMed Perel P, Roberts I (2011) Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD000567PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Perner A, Haase N, Guttormsen AB et al (2012) Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer’s acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 367(2):124–134PubMed Perner A, Haase N, Guttormsen AB et al (2012) Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer’s acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 367(2):124–134PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinsky MR (2007) Hemodynamic evaluation and monitoring in the ICU. Chest 132(6):2020–2029PubMed Pinsky MR (2007) Hemodynamic evaluation and monitoring in the ICU. Chest 132(6):2020–2029PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Price HL, Deutsch S, Marshall BE et al (1966) Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of hemorrhage in man, with particular reference to the splanchnic circulation. Circ Res 18(5):469–474PubMed Price HL, Deutsch S, Marshall BE et al (1966) Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of hemorrhage in man, with particular reference to the splanchnic circulation. Circ Res 18(5):469–474PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Pries AR, Secomb TW, Gaehtgens P (2000) The endothelial surface layer. Pflugers Arch 440(5):653–666PubMed Pries AR, Secomb TW, Gaehtgens P (2000) The endothelial surface layer. Pflugers Arch 440(5):653–666PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Raum MR, Waydhas C (2009) Präklinische Volumentherapie bei Trauma. Notfall Rettungsmed 12:188–192 Raum MR, Waydhas C (2009) Präklinische Volumentherapie bei Trauma. Notfall Rettungsmed 12:188–192
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Rehm M, Haller M, Brechtelsbauer H et al (1998) Changes in plasma volume in immediate pre- and postoperative periods in patients with major gynecologic surgery. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 25:222–228 Rehm M, Haller M, Brechtelsbauer H et al (1998) Changes in plasma volume in immediate pre- and postoperative periods in patients with major gynecologic surgery. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 25:222–228
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Rehm M, Orth V, Kreimeier U et al (2000) Changes in intravascular volume during acute normovolemic hemodilution and intraoperative retransfusion in patients with radical hysterectomy. Anesthesiology 92:657–664PubMed Rehm M, Orth V, Kreimeier U et al (2000) Changes in intravascular volume during acute normovolemic hemodilution and intraoperative retransfusion in patients with radical hysterectomy. Anesthesiology 92:657–664PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Rehm M, Orth VH, Kreimeier U et al (2001) Changes in blood volume during acute normovolemic hemodilution with 5 % albumin or 6 % hydroxyethyl starch and intraoperative retransfusion. Anaesthesist 50:569–579PubMed Rehm M, Orth VH, Kreimeier U et al (2001) Changes in blood volume during acute normovolemic hemodilution with 5 % albumin or 6 % hydroxyethyl starch and intraoperative retransfusion. Anaesthesist 50:569–579PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Rehm M, Orth VH, Weninger E et al (2001) Acute „normovolemic“ hemodilution with 3.5 % polygel (Haemaccel) for patients in the Wertheim-Meigs-operation. Blood loss of 87 % blood volume without perioperative blood transfusion. Anaesthesist 50(8):580–584PubMed Rehm M, Orth VH, Weninger E et al (2001) Acute „normovolemic“ hemodilution with 3.5 % polygel (Haemaccel) for patients in the Wertheim-Meigs-operation. Blood loss of 87 % blood volume without perioperative blood transfusion. Anaesthesist 50(8):580–584PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Rehm M, Zahler S, Lötsch M et al (2004) Endothelial glycocalyx as an additional barrier determining extravasation of 6 % hydroxyethyl starch or 5 % albumin solutions in the coronary vascular bed. Anesthesiology 100(5):1211–1223PubMed Rehm M, Zahler S, Lötsch M et al (2004) Endothelial glycocalyx as an additional barrier determining extravasation of 6 % hydroxyethyl starch or 5 % albumin solutions in the coronary vascular bed. Anesthesiology 100(5):1211–1223PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Rehm M, Bruegger D, Christ F et al (2007) Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx in patients undergoing major vascular surgery with global and regional ischemia. Circulation 116(17):1896–1906PubMed Rehm M, Bruegger D, Christ F et al (2007) Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx in patients undergoing major vascular surgery with global and regional ischemia. Circulation 116(17):1896–1906PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Reid F, Lobo DN, Williams RN et al (2003) (Ab)normal saline and physiological Hartman’s solution: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Clin Sci 104:17–24PubMed Reid F, Lobo DN, Williams RN et al (2003) (Ab)normal saline and physiological Hartman’s solution: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Clin Sci 104:17–24PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhee P, Wang D, Ruff P et al (2000) Human neutrophil activation and increased adhesion by various resuscitation fluids. Crit Care Med 28(1):74–78PubMed Rhee P, Wang D, Ruff P et al (2000) Human neutrophil activation and increased adhesion by various resuscitation fluids. Crit Care Med 28(1):74–78PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhind SG, Crnko NT, Baker AJ et al (2010) Prehospital resuscitation with hypertonic saline-dextran modulates inflammatory, coagulation and endothelial activation marker profiles in severe traumatic brain injured patients. J Neuroinflammation 18(7):5 Rhind SG, Crnko NT, Baker AJ et al (2010) Prehospital resuscitation with hypertonic saline-dextran modulates inflammatory, coagulation and endothelial activation marker profiles in severe traumatic brain injured patients. J Neuroinflammation 18(7):5
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Riddez L, Johnson L, Hahn RG (1998) Central and regional hemodynamics during crystalloid fluid therapy after uncontrolled intra-abdominal bleeding. J Trauma 44(3):433–439PubMed Riddez L, Johnson L, Hahn RG (1998) Central and regional hemodynamics during crystalloid fluid therapy after uncontrolled intra-abdominal bleeding. J Trauma 44(3):433–439PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Riddez L, Hahn RG, Brismar B et al (1997) Central and regional hemodynamics during acute hypovolemia and volume substitution in volunteers. Crit Care Med 25(4):635–640PubMed Riddez L, Hahn RG, Brismar B et al (1997) Central and regional hemodynamics during acute hypovolemia and volume substitution in volunteers. Crit Care Med 25(4):635–640PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S et al (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345(19):1368–1377PubMed Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S et al (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345(19):1368–1377PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat SAFE Study Investigators, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Australian Red Cross Blood Service et al (2007) Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 357(9):874–884 SAFE Study Investigators, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Australian Red Cross Blood Service et al (2007) Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 357(9):874–884
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Sander-Jensen K, Secher NH, Bie P et al (1986) Vagal slowing of the heart during hemorrhage: observations from 20 consecutive patients. BMJ 292:364–366PubMedPubMedCentral Sander-Jensen K, Secher NH, Bie P et al (1986) Vagal slowing of the heart during hemorrhage: observations from 20 consecutive patients. BMJ 292:364–366PubMedPubMedCentral
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Sander-Jensen K, Marving J, Secher NH et al (1990) Does the decrease in heart rate prevent a detrimental decrease of the end systolic volume during central hypovolemia in man? Angiology 41:687–695PubMed Sander-Jensen K, Marving J, Secher NH et al (1990) Does the decrease in heart rate prevent a detrimental decrease of the end systolic volume during central hypovolemia in man? Angiology 41:687–695PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Schabinski F, Oishi J, Tuche F et al (2009) Effects of a predominantly hydroxyethyl starch (HES)-based and a predominantly non HES-based fluid therapy on renal function in surgical ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 35(9):1539–1547PubMed Schabinski F, Oishi J, Tuche F et al (2009) Effects of a predominantly hydroxyethyl starch (HES)-based and a predominantly non HES-based fluid therapy on renal function in surgical ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 35(9):1539–1547PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheingraber S, Rehm M, Sehmisch C, Finsterer U (1999) Rapid saline infusion produces hyperchloremic acidosis in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology 90(5):1265–1270PubMed Scheingraber S, Rehm M, Sehmisch C, Finsterer U (1999) Rapid saline infusion produces hyperchloremic acidosis in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology 90(5):1265–1270PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Schöchl H, Voelckel W (2010) Die Evidenz der Volumentherapie. „Aggressive“ Volumentherapie heute zunehmend kritisch betrachtet. Wien Klin Mag 13(1):12–14 Schöchl H, Voelckel W (2010) Die Evidenz der Volumentherapie. „Aggressive“ Volumentherapie heute zunehmend kritisch betrachtet. Wien Klin Mag 13(1):12–14
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Schortgen F, Girou E, Deye N et al (2008) The risk associated with hypertonic colloids in patients with shock. Intensive Care Med 34:2157–2168PubMed Schortgen F, Girou E, Deye N et al (2008) The risk associated with hypertonic colloids in patients with shock. Intensive Care Med 34:2157–2168PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Secher NH, Sander Jensen K, Werner C et al (1984) Bradycardia during severe but reversible hypovolemic shock in man. Circ Shock 14:267–274PubMed Secher NH, Sander Jensen K, Werner C et al (1984) Bradycardia during severe but reversible hypovolemic shock in man. Circ Shock 14:267–274PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Shoemaker WC, Montgomery ES, Kaplan E, Elwyn DH (1973) Physiologic patterns in surviving and nonsurviving shock patients. Use of sequential cardiorespiratory variables in defining criteria for therapeutic goals and early warning of death. Arch Surg 106(5):630–636PubMed Shoemaker WC, Montgomery ES, Kaplan E, Elwyn DH (1973) Physiologic patterns in surviving and nonsurviving shock patients. Use of sequential cardiorespiratory variables in defining criteria for therapeutic goals and early warning of death. Arch Surg 106(5):630–636PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Sossdorf M, Marx S, Schaarschmidt B et al (2009) HES 130/0.4 impairs haemostasis and stimulates pro-inflammatory blood platelet function. Crit Care 13(6):R208PubMedPubMedCentral Sossdorf M, Marx S, Schaarschmidt B et al (2009) HES 130/0.4 impairs haemostasis and stimulates pro-inflammatory blood platelet function. Crit Care 13(6):R208PubMedPubMedCentral
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V et al (2013) Management of bleeding following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care 17(2):R76PubMedPubMedCentral Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V et al (2013) Management of bleeding following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care 17(2):R76PubMedPubMedCentral
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart PA (1983) Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 61(12):1444–1461PubMed Stewart PA (1983) Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 61(12):1444–1461PubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Struchen MA, Hannay HJ, Contant CF, Robertson CS (2001) The relation between acute physiological variables and outcome on the Glasgow Outcome Scale and Disability Rating Scale following severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 18(2):115–125PubMed Struchen MA, Hannay HJ, Contant CF, Robertson CS (2001) The relation between acute physiological variables and outcome on the Glasgow Outcome Scale and Disability Rating Scale following severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 18(2):115–125PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Swan HJ, Ganz W, Forrester J et al (1970) Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter. N Engl J Med 283:447–451PubMed Swan HJ, Ganz W, Forrester J et al (1970) Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter. N Engl J Med 283:447–451PubMed
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Traumaregister der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. Jahresbericht 2013 für den Zeitraum bis Ende 2012. http://www.traumaregister.de/images/stories/downloads/jahresberichte/TR-DGU-Jahresbericht_2013.pdf Traumaregister der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. Jahresbericht 2013 für den Zeitraum bis Ende 2012. http://​www.​traumaregister.​de/​images/​stories/​downloads/​jahresberichte/​TR-DGU-Jahresbericht_​2013.​pdf
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Vassar MJ, Perry CA, Gannaway WL, Holcroft JW (1991) 7.5 % sodium chloride/dextran for resuscitation of trauma patients undergoing helicopter transport. Arch Surg 126(9):1065–1072PubMed Vassar MJ, Perry CA, Gannaway WL, Holcroft JW (1991) 7.5 % sodium chloride/dextran for resuscitation of trauma patients undergoing helicopter transport. Arch Surg 126(9):1065–1072PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Victorino GP, Battistella FD, Wisner DH (2003) Does tachycardia correlate with hypotension after trauma? J Am Coll Surg 196(5):679–684PubMed Victorino GP, Battistella FD, Wisner DH (2003) Does tachycardia correlate with hypotension after trauma? J Am Coll Surg 196(5):679–684PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Wakim KG (1970) „Normal“ 0.9 % salt solution is neither „normal“ nor physiological. JAMA 214:1710PubMed Wakim KG (1970) „Normal“ 0.9 % salt solution is neither „normal“ nor physiological. JAMA 214:1710PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Van der Linden P, James M, Mythen M, Weikopf RB (2013) Safety of modern starches used during surgery. Anesth Analg 116(1):35–48 Van der Linden P, James M, Mythen M, Weikopf RB (2013) Safety of modern starches used during surgery. Anesth Analg 116(1):35–48
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Velmahos GC, Demetriades D, Shoemaker WC et al (2000) Endpoints of resuscitation of critically injured patients: normal or supranormal? A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 232(3):409–418PubMedPubMedCentral Velmahos GC, Demetriades D, Shoemaker WC et al (2000) Endpoints of resuscitation of critically injured patients: normal or supranormal? A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 232(3):409–418PubMedPubMedCentral
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Weiskopf RB, Viele MK, Feiner J et al (1998) Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. JAMA 279(3):217–221PubMed Weiskopf RB, Viele MK, Feiner J et al (1998) Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. JAMA 279(3):217–221PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Wisner DH, Sturm JA (1986) Controversies in the fluid management of post-traumatic lung disease. Injury 17(5):295–300PubMed Wisner DH, Sturm JA (1986) Controversies in the fluid management of post-traumatic lung disease. Injury 17(5):295–300PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Wohlauer MV, Moore EE, Droz NM et al (2012) Hemodilution is not critical in the pathogenesis of the acute coagulopathy of trauma. J Surg Res 173(1):26–30PubMedPubMedCentral Wohlauer MV, Moore EE, Droz NM et al (2012) Hemodilution is not critical in the pathogenesis of the acute coagulopathy of trauma. J Surg Res 173(1):26–30PubMedPubMedCentral
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C et al (2012) Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 308(15):1566–1572PubMed Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C et al (2012) Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 308(15):1566–1572PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Zander R (2009) Anforderungen an einen optimalen Volumenersatz. Anasth Intensivmed 50:348–357 Zander R (2009) Anforderungen an einen optimalen Volumenersatz. Anasth Intensivmed 50:348–357
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Zander R (2010) Anaemia and massive bleeding apart from the aspect of oxygenation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 122(Suppl 5):S6–S8PubMed Zander R (2010) Anaemia and massive bleeding apart from the aspect of oxygenation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 122(Suppl 5):S6–S8PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Volumentherapie bei Hämorrhagie
verfasst von
PD Dr. M. Roessler, D.E.A.A., EDIC
K. Bode
M. Bauer
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 10/2014
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-014-2377-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 10/2014

Der Anaesthesist 10/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Allgemeinanästhesie

Ernst von der Porten

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Hinter dieser Appendizitis steckte ein Erreger

23.04.2024 Appendizitis Nachrichten

Schmerzen im Unterbauch, aber sonst nicht viel, was auf eine Appendizitis hindeutete: Ein junger Mann hatte Glück, dass trotzdem eine Laparoskopie mit Appendektomie durchgeführt und der Wurmfortsatz histologisch untersucht wurde.

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

23.04.2024 Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen Nachrichten

Personen mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen, die von einfühlsamen Ärzten und Ärztinnen betreut werden, berichten über weniger Beschwerden und eine bessere Lebensqualität.

Mehr Schaden als Nutzen durch präoperatives Aussetzen von GLP-1-Agonisten?

23.04.2024 Operationsvorbereitung Nachrichten

Derzeit wird empfohlen, eine Therapie mit GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten präoperativ zu unterbrechen. Eine neue Studie nährt jedoch Zweifel an der Notwendigkeit der Maßnahme.

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.