Aalten P, Verhey FRJ, Boziki M, Brugnolo A, Bullock R, Byrne EJ, Camus V, Caputo M, Collins D, De Deyn PP, Elina K, Frisoni G, Holmes C, Hurt C, Marriott A, Mecocci P, Nobili F, Ousset PJ, Reynish E, Salmon E, Tsolaki M, Vellas B, Robert PH (2008) Consistency of neuropsychiatric syndromes across dementias: results from the European Alzheimer Disease Consortium. Part II. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 25(1):1–8
PubMedCrossRefAarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Nielsen H, Kragh-Sørensen P (2001) Risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a community-based, prospective study. Neurology 56(6):730–736
PubMedCrossRefAevarsson O, Svanborg A, Skoog I (1998) Seven-year survival rate after age 85 years: relation to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Arch Neurol 55:1226–1232
PubMedCrossRefAlbert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH (2011) The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 7(3):270–279
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefAlmkvist O, Wahlund LO, Andersson-Lundman G, Basun H, Backman L (1992) White-matter hyperintensity and neuropsychological functions in dementia and healthy aging. Arch Neurol 49:626–632
PubMedCrossRefAlonso A, Jacobs DR, Menotti A, Nissinen A, Dontas A, Kafatos A, Kromhout D (2009) Cardiovascular risk factors and dementia mortality: 40 years of follow-up in the Seven Countries Study. J Neurol Sci 280(1–2):79–83
PubMedCrossRefAlzheimer A (1902) Die Seelenstörung auf arteriosklerotischer Grundlage. Z Psychiatr 59:659–711
Alzheimer A (1906) Über einen eigenartigen, schweren Erkrankungsprozess der Hirnrinde. Neurol Zentralbl 25:1134
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5., überarb. Aufl.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington VA
Andreasen N, Minthon L, Vanmechelen E et al (1999) Cerebrospinal fluid tau and Abeta42 as predictors of development of Alzheimer’s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett 273:5–8
PubMedCrossRefAndersson M, Hansson O, Minthon L, Rosén I, Londos E (2008) Electroencephalogram variability in dementia with lewy bodies, Alzheimer’s disease and controls. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 26(3):284–290
PubMedCrossRefAnttila T, Helkala EL, Viitanen M et al (2004) Alcohol drinking in middle age and subsequent risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in old age: a prospective population based study. BMJ 329:539
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefArai H, Nakagawa T, Kosaka Y et al (1997) Elevated cerebrospinal fluid tau protein level as a predictor of dementia in memory-impaired individuals. Alzheimer’s Res 3:211–213
Arnold SE, Hyman BT, Flory J et al (1991) The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritis plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Cereb Cortex 1:103–116
PubMedCrossRefArriagada PV, Growdon JH, Hedley-Whyte ET, Hyman BT (1992) Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 42(3 Pt 1):631–639
PubMedCrossRefArzneimittelkommission der Deutschen Ärzteschaft (2009) Evidenzbasierte Leitlinien als Basis einer ration alen und rationellen Arzneimitteltherapie, 3. Aufl. Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, Köln
Austin MP, Mitchel P, Goodwin GM (2001) Cognitive deficits in depression. Br J Psychiatry 178:200–206
PubMedCrossRefBallard C, Waite J (2006) The effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of aggression and psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD003476
Banerjee S, Hellier J, Dewey M, Romeo R, Ballard C, Baldwin R, Bentham P, Fox C, Holmes C, Katona C, Knapp M, Lawton C, Lindesay J, Livingston G, McCrae N, Moniz-Cook E, Murray J, Nurock S, Orrell M, O’Brien J, Poppe M, Thomas A, Walwyn R, Wilson K, Burns A (2011) Sertraline or mirtazapine for depression in dementia (HTA-SADD): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Lond Engl 378(9789):403–411
CrossRefBarber R, Gholkar A, Scheltens P et al (1999) Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 52:1153–1158
PubMedCrossRefBarkhof F, Haller S, Rombouts SARB (2014) Resting-state functional MR imaging: a new window to the brain. Radiology 272(1):29–49
PubMedCrossRefBaron JC, Bousser MG, Rey A, Guillard A et al (1981) Reversal of focal „misery-perfusion syndrome“ by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. A case study with 15O positron emission tomography. Stroke 12:454–459
PubMedCrossRefBateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TLS, Fagan AM, Goate A, Fox NC, Marcus DS, Cairns NJ, Xie X, Blazey TM, Holtzman DM, Santacruz A, Buckles V, Oliver A, Moulder K, Aisen PS, Ghetti B, Klunk WE, McDade E, Martins RN, Masters CL, Mayeux R, Ringman JM, Rossor MN, Schofield PR, Sperling RA, Salloway S, Morris JC, Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (2012) Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 367(9):795–804
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefBauer K, Schwarzkopf L, Graessel E, Holle R (2014) A claims data-based comparison of comorbidity in individuals with and without dementia. BMC Geriatr 14:10
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefBeard CM, Kokmen E, Offord KP, Kurland T (1992) Lack of association between Alzheimer’s disease and education, occupation, martial status, or living arrangement. Neurology 42:2063–2068
PubMedCrossRefBennett DA, Wilson RS, Gilley DW, Fox JH (1990) Clinical diagnosis of Binswanger’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53:961–965
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefBerg L, Morris JC (1994) Diagnosis. In: Terry RD, Katzmann R, Bick KL (Hrsg) Alzheimer disease. Raven Press, New York, S 9–25
Berger G, Fröhlich L, Weber B et al (2008) Diagnostic accuracy of the clock drawing test: the relevance of „time setting“ in screening for dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 21:250–260
PubMedCrossRefBerrios CE (1985) Pseudodementia or melancholic dementia: a nineteenth century view. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48:393–400
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefBibl M, Lewczuk P, Esselmann H, Mollenhauer B, Klafki HW, Welge V, Wolf S, Trenkwalder C, Otto M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J (2008) CSF amyloid-beta 1-38 and 1-42 in FTD and AD: biomarker performance critically depends on the detergent accessible fraction. Proteom Clin Appl 2(10–11):1548–56
CrossRefBickel H (1999) Epidemiologie der Demenzen. In: Förstl H, Bickel H, Kurz A (Hrsg) AD. Grundlagen, Klinik und Therapie. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokio, S 9–32
Bickel H (2000) Demenzsyndrom und Alzheimer Krankheit: Eine Schätzung des Krankenbestandes und der jährlichen Neuerkrankungen in Deutschland. Gesundheitswesen 62:211–218
PubMedCrossRefBickel H (2001) Dementia in advanced age: estimating incidence and health care costs. Z Gerontol Geriatr 34:108–115
PubMedCrossRefBickel H (2002) Epidemiologie der Demenzen. In: Beyreuther K, Einhäupl KM, Förstl H, Kurz A (Hrsg) Demenzen. Thieme, Stuttgart/New York, S 15–43
Bickel H, Mösch E, Förstl H (2007) Screening of cognitive functions and the prediction of incident dementia by means of the SIDAM. Psychiatr Prax 34(3):139–144
PubMedCrossRefBierer LM, Haroutunian V, Gabriel S et al (1995) Neurochemical correlates of dementia severity in Alzheimer’s disease: relative importance of the cholinergic deficits. J Neurochem 64:749–750
PubMedCrossRefBiernat J, Gustke N, Drewes G et al (1993) Phosphorylation of Ser262 strongly reduces binding of tau to microtubules: distinction between PHF-like immunoreactivity and microtubule binding. Neuron 11:153–163
PubMedCrossRefBinswanger O (1894) Die Abgrenzung der allgemeinen progressiven Paralyse. Berl Klin Wochenschr 31:1103–1105
Bird TD (2005) Genetic factors in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 352:862–864
PubMedCrossRefBirks J (2006) Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD005593. Review
Birks J, Flicker L (2006) Selegiline for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD000442. Review
Birks J, Harvey RJ (2006) Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD001190
Birks J, Grimley Evans J, Iakovidou V, Tsolaki M, Holt FE (2009) Rivastigmine for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD001191. Review
Black S, Roman GC, Geldmacher DS et al (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke 34:2323–2330
PubMedCrossRefBlacker D, Wilcox MA, Laird NM et al (1998) Alpha-2 macroglobulin is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease. Nat Genet 19:357–360
PubMedCrossRefBlennow K, Hampel H (2003) CSF markers for incipient Alzheimer’s disease. Review. Lancet Neurol 2:605–613
PubMedCrossRefBlennow K, Vanmechelen E, Hampel H (2001) CSF total tau, A-beta42 and phosphorylated tau protein as biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurobiol 24:87–97
PubMedCrossRefBloudek LM, Spackman DE, Blankenburg M, Sullivan SD (2011) Review and meta-analysis of biomarkers and diagnostic imaging in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 26(4):627–645
PubMedBogousslavsky J, Cachin C, Regli F et al (1991) Cardiac source of embolism and cerebral infarction – clinical consequences and vascular concomitants: the Lausanne stroke registry. Neurology 41:855–859
PubMedCrossRefBorchelt DR, Thinakaran G, Eckman CB et al (1996) Familial Alzheimer’s disease-linked presenilin 1 variants elevate Abeta1-42/1-40 ratio in vitro and in vivo. Neuron 17:1005–1013
PubMedCrossRefBorenstein AR, Copenhaver CI, Mortimer JA (2006) Early-life risk factors for Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 20:63–72
PubMedCrossRefBots ML, Breteler MM, van Kooten F et al (1998) Coagulation and fibrinolysis markers and risk of dementia. The Dutch Vascular Factors in Dementia Study. Haemostasis 28:216–222
PubMedBraak H, Braak E (1991) Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer related changes. Acta Neuropathol 82:239–259
PubMedCrossRefBraak H, Braak E (1997) Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol Aging 18:351–357
PubMedCrossRefBraak H, Braak E, Yilmazer D et al (1996) Pattern of brain destruction in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. J Neural Transm 103:455–490
PubMedCrossRefBracco L, Piccini C, Amaducci L (1998) Rate of progression of mental decline in Alzheimer diesease: summary of European studies. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 12:347–355
PubMedCrossRefBramblett GT (1993) Abnormal tau phosphorylation at Ser396 in Alzheimer’s disease recapitulates development and contributes to reduced microtubule binding. Neuron 10:1089–1099
PubMedCrossRefBraumühl A (1932) Pick’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Allg Z Psychiatr Psychol Med 96:364–366
Brenner RP (1991) Utility of EEG in delirium: past views and current practice. Int Psychogeriatr 3:211–229
PubMedCrossRefBrenner R, Ulrich RF, Spiker DG et al (1986) Computerized EEG spectral analysis in elderly normal, demented and depressed subjects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 64:483–492
PubMedCrossRefBreteler MM, deGroot RR, van Romunde LK, Hofman A (1995) Risk of dementia in patients with Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and severe head trauma: a register-based follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 142:1300–1305
PubMedCrossRefBriel RC, McKeith IG, Barker WA et al (1999) EEG findings in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:401–403
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefBruce ME, Will RG, Ironside JW et al (1997) Transmissions to mice indicate that ‚new variant‘ Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit is caused by the BSE agent. Nature 389:489–501
CrossRefBruce DG, Paley GA, Nichols P, Roberts D, Underwood PJ, Schaper F (2005) Physical disability contributes to caregiver stress in dementia caregivers. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(3):345–349
PubMedCrossRefBrun A, Englund E (1986) A white matter disorder in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a pathoanatomical study. Ann Neurol 19:253–262
PubMedCrossRefBuch K, Riemenschneider M, Bartenstein P et al (1998) Tau-Protein: Ein potentieller biologischer Indikator zur Früherkennung der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Nervenarzt 69:379–385
PubMedCrossRefBuchhave P, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, Wallin AK, Blennow K, Hansson O (2012) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of ß-amyloid 1–42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69(1):98–106
PubMedCrossRefBuée L, Bussiere T, Buee-Scherrer V et al (2000) Tau protein isoforms, phosphorylation and role in neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Res Rev 33:95–130
PubMedCrossRefBulbena A, Berrios GE (1986) Pseudodementia: facts and figures. Br J Psychiatry 148:87–94
PubMedCrossRefBunn F, Burn A-M, Goodman C, Rait G, Norton S, Robinson L, Schoeman J, Brayne C (2014) Comorbidity and dementia: a scoping review of the literature. BMC Med 12:192
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefBürger K, Padberg F, Nolde T et al (1999) CSF tau protein shows a better discrimination in young old (<70 years) than in old old patients with Alzheimer’s disease, compared with controls. Neurosci Lett 277:21–24
CrossRefBürger K, Hampel H, Neumann M, Kretzschmar HA (2000) Autopsie bringt neue Erkenntnisse über die Alzheimer-Demenz. MMW Fortschr Med 142:732–733
Bürger K, Zinkowski R, Teipel SJ et al (2002) Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease with CSF tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231. Arch Neurol 59:1267–1272
CrossRefBurns A (1990) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer’s disease: disorders of mood. Br J Psychiatry 157:81–86
PubMedCrossRefButer TC, van den Hout A, Matthews FE, Larsen JP, Brayne C, Aarsland D (2008) Dementia and survival in Parkinson disease: a 12-year population study. Neurology 70(13):1017–1022
PubMedCrossRefCagnin A, Brooks DJ, Kennedy AM et al (2001) In-vivo measurement of activated microglia in dementia. Lancet 358:461–467
PubMedCrossRefCai H, Wang Y, McCarthy D et al (2001) BACE1 is the major beta-secretase for generation of Abeta peptides by neurons. Nat Neurosci 4:233–234
PubMedCrossRefCalabrese P (2000) Neuropsychologische Defizite bei entzündlichen Erkrankungen des ZNS. In: Sturm W, Herrmann M, Wallesch CW (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der klinischen Neuropsychologie. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, S 559–570
Callahan CM, Hall KS, Hui SL et al (1996) Relationship of age, education, and occupation with dementia among a community-based sample of African Americans. Arch Neurol 53:134–140
PubMedCrossRefCanadian Study of Health and Aging (1994) Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease in Canada. Neurology 44:2073–2080
CrossRefCaplan LR (1993) Brain embolism, revisited. Neurology 43:1281–1287
PubMedCrossRefCaplan L, Schoene WC (1978) Clinical features of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger’s disease). Neurology 28:1206–1215
PubMedCrossRefCarillo MC, Blackwell A, Hampel H et al (2009) Early risk assessment for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 5:182–196
CrossRefCarvalho JO, Ready RE, Malloy P, Grace J (2013) Confirmatory factor analysis of the frontal systems behavior scale (FrSBe). Assessment 20(5):632–641
PubMedCrossRefCastillo P, Woodruff B, Caselli R et al (2006) Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis. Arch Neurol 63:197–202
PubMedCrossRefChan D, Walters RJ, Sampson EL, Schott JM, Smith SJ, Rossor MN (2004) EEG abnormalities in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurology 62(9):1628–1630
PubMedCrossRefChaudhuri A, Kennedy PG (2002) Diagnosis and treatment of viral encephalitis. Postgrad Med 78:575–583
CrossRefChew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Lehman ME, Greenspan A, Mahmoud RA, Kirshner MA, Sorisio DA, Bies RR, Gharabawi G (2008) Anticholinergic activity of 107 medications commonly used by older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 56(7):1333–1341. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01737.x. Epub 2008 May 26
Citron M, Oltersdorf T, Haass C et al (1992) Mutation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in familial Alzheimer’s disease increases beta-protein production. Nature 360:672–674
PubMedCrossRefCitron M, Westaway D, Xia W et al (1997) Mutant presenilins of Alzheimer’s disease increase production of 42-residue amyloid beta-protein in both transfected cells and transgenic mice. Nat Med 3:67–72
PubMedCrossRefClarfield AM (2003) The decreasing prevalence of reversible dementias: an updated meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 163(18):2219–2229
PubMedCrossRefClark CM, Schneider JA, Bedell BJ, Beach TG, Bilker WB, Mintun MA, Pontecorvo MJ, Hefti F, Carpenter AP, Flitter ML, Krautkramer MJ, Kung HF, Coleman RE, Doraiswamy PM, Fleisher AS, Sabbagh MN, Sadowsky CH, Reiman EP, Reiman PEM, Zehntner SP, Skovronsky DM, AV45–A07 Study Group (2011) Use of florbetapir-PET for imaging beta-amyloid pathology. JAMA 305(3):275–283
PubMedCrossRefClark CM, Pontecorvo MJ, Beach TG, Bedell BJ, Coleman RE, Doraiswamy PM, Fleisher AS, Reiman EM, Sabbagh MN, Sadowsky CH, Schneider JA, Arora A, Carpenter AP, Flitter ML, Joshi AD, Krautkramer MJ, Lu M, Mintun MA, Skovronsky DM, AV-45-A16 Study Group (2012) Cerebral PET with florbetapir compared with neuropathology at autopsy for detection of neuritic amyloid-β plaques: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 11(8):669–678
PubMedCrossRefCoen RF, Swanwick GRJ, O’Boyle CA, Coakley D (1997) Behaviour disturbance and other predictors of carer burden in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriar Psychiatry 12:331–336
CrossRefColloby S, O’Brien J (2004) Functional imaging in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 17:158–163
PubMedCrossRefCorey-Bloom J, Anand R, Veach J, for the ENA 713 B352 Study Group (1998) A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alchimie’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychopharmacol 1:55–65
Cork LC (1990) Neuropatholgy of Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Am J Med Genet Suppl 7:282–286
PubMedCoyle J, Kershaw P (2001) Galantamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor that allosterically modulates nicotinic receptors: effects on the course of Alzheimer’s disease. Biol Psychiatry 49:289–299
PubMedCrossRefCsoti I, Warmuth-Metz M, Solymosi L et al (2004) Differentiation of atypical Parkinson syndrome and delineation from idiopathic Parkinson syndrome with routine magnetic resonance tomography. Nervenarzt 75:128–134
PubMedCrossRefCullen B, O’Neill B, Evans JJ, Coen RF, Lawlor BA (2007) A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 78(8):790–799
PubMedCrossRefCummings JL (1983) Treatable dementias. Adv Neurol 38:165–183
PubMedCummings JL (1997) The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. Neurology 48(5, Suppl 6):S10–S16
PubMedCrossRefCummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J (1994) The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 44(12):2308–2314
PubMedCrossRefCummings JL, Mackell J, Kaufer D (2008) Behavioral effects of current Alzheimer’s disease treatments: a descriptive review. Alzheimers Dement 4(1):49–60
PubMedCrossRefDaffertshofer M (1999) Vaskulär assoziierte Demenz. In: Berlit P (Hrsg) Klinische Neurologie. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokio, S 844–856
Dal Forno G, Carson KA, Brookmeyer R et al (2002) APOE genotype and survival in men and women with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 58:1045–1050
PubMedCrossRefDamiani G, Silvestrini G, Trozzi L, Maci D, Iodice L, Ricciardi W (2014) Quality of dementia clinical guidelines and relevance to the care of older people with comorbidity: evidence from the literature. Clin Interv Aging 9:1399–1407
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefDartigues JF, Gagnon M, Michel P et al (1991) Le programme de recherche paquid sur l’epidemiologie de la demence et methodes et resultants initiaux. Rev Neurol (Paris) 147:225–230
Dartigues JF, Fabrigoule C, Letenneur L et al (1997) Epidemiology of memory disorders. Therapie 52:503–506
PubMedDavies RE, Miller S, Herrnstadt C et al (1997) Mutations in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase genes segregate with late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:4526–4531
CrossRefDe Reuck J, Leys D, De Keyser J (1997) Is positron emission tomography useful in stroke? Acta Neurol Belg 97:168–171
PubMedDe Reuck J, Decoo D, Marchau M et al (1998) Positron emission tomography in vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 160:190–191
CrossRefDe Strooper B (2003) Aph-1, Pen-2, and Nicastrin with Presenilin generate an active gamma-Secretase complex. Neuron 38:9–12
PubMedCrossRefDe Strooper B, Saftig P, Craessaerts K et al (1998) Deficiency of presenilin-1 inhibits the normal cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. Nature 391(6665):387–390
PubMedCrossRefde Vasconcelos Cunha UG, Lopes Rocha F, Avila de Melo R, Alves Valle E, de Souza Neto JJ, Mendes Brega R, Magalhães Scoralick F, Araújo Silva S, Martins de Oliveira F, da Costa Júnior AL, Faria Alves VX, Sakurai E (2007) A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized study of venlafaxine in the treatment of depression in dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 24(1):36–41
PubMedCrossRefde Vugt ME, Stevens F, Aalten P, Lousberg R, Jaspers N, Verhey FRJ (2005) A prospective study of the effects of behavioral symptoms on the institutionalization of patients with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 17(4):577–589
PubMedCrossRefDeKosky ST, Scheff SW (1990) Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer’s disease: correlation with cognitive severity. Ann Neurol 27:457–464
PubMedCrossRefDeKosky ST, Harbaugh RE, Schmitt FA et al (1992) Cortical biopsy in Alzheimer’s disease: diagnostic accuracy and neurochemical, neuropathological, and cognitive correlates. Ann Neurol 32:625–632
PubMedCrossRefDel Ser T, McKeith I, Anand R et al (2000) Dementia with lewy bodies: findings from an international multicentre study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15:1034–1045
PubMedCrossRefDelacourte A, Sergeant N, Wattez A et al (1998) Vulnerable neuronal subsets in Alzheimer’s and Pick’s disease are distinguished by their tau isoform distribution and phosphorylation. Ann Neurol 43:193–204
PubMedCrossRefDevanand DP, Folz M, Gorlyn M et al (1997) Questionable dementia: clinical course and predictors of outcome. J Am Geriatr Soc 45:321–328
PubMedCrossRefDevanand DP, Marder K, Michaels KS et al (1998) A randomized, placebo-controlled dose-comparison trial of haloperidol for psychosis and disruptive behaviors in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry 155:1512–1520
PubMedCrossRefDevenney E, Bartley L, Hoon C, O’Callaghan C, Kumfor F, Hornberger M, Kwok JB, Halliday GM, Kiernan MC, Piguet O, Hodges JR (2015) Progression in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a Longitudinal Study. JAMA Neurol 72(12):1501–1509
PubMedCrossRefDichgans M (2002) CADASIL: a monogenic condition causing stroke and subcortical vascular dementia. Cerebrovasc Dis 13(Suppl 2):37–41
PubMedCrossRefDiehl-Schmid J, Grimmer T, Drzezga A, Bornschein S, Riemenschneider M, Förstl H, Schwaiger M, Kurz A (2007) Decline of cerebral glucose metabolism in frontotemporal dementia: a longitudinal 18F-FDG-PET-study. Neurobiol Aging 28(1):42–50
PubMedCrossRefDirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz MA (1999) Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci 22:391–397
PubMedCrossRefDixon GR, Friedman JA, Luetmer PH et al (2002) Use of cerebrospinal fluid flow rates measured by phase-contrast MR to predict outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunting for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Mayo Clin Proc 77:509–514
PubMedCrossRefDoraiswamy PM, Steffens DC, Pitchumoni S, Tabrizi S (1998) Early recognition of Alzheimer’s disease: what is consensual? What is controversial? What is practical? J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 13):6–18
PubMedDormont D, Seidenwurm DJ (2008) Dementia and movement disorders. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29(1):204–206
PubMedDougall NJ, Bruggink S, Ebmeier KP (2004) Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 12(6):554–570
PubMedCrossRefDraper B (1991) Potentially reversible dementia. A review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 25:506–518
PubMedCrossRefDubois B, Feldman H, Jacova C et al (2007) Research criteria fort he diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurol 6:734–746
PubMedCrossRefDubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Hampel H, Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, DeKosky ST, Gauthier S, Selkoe D, Bateman R, Cappa S, Crutch S, Engelborghs S, Frisoni GB, Fox NC, Galasko D, Habert M-O, Jicha GA, Nordberg A, Pasquier F, Rabinovici G, Robert P, Rowe C, Salloway S, Sarazin M, Epelbaum S, de Souza LC, Vellas B, Visser PJ, Schneider L, Stern Y, Scheltens P, Cummings JL (2014) Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol 13(6):614–629
PubMedCrossRefDubois B, Hampel H, Feldman HH, Scheltens P, Aisen P, Andrieu S, Bakardjian H, Benali H, Bertram L, Blennow K, Broich K, Cavedo E, Crutch S, Dartigues J-F, Duyckaerts C, Epelbaum S, Frisoni GB, Gauthier S, Genthon R, Gouw AA, Habert M-O, Holtzman DM, Kivipelto M, Lista S, Molinuevo J-L, O’Bryant SE, Rabinovici GD, Rowe C, Salloway S, Schneider LS, Sperling R, Teichmann M, Carrillo MC, Cummings J, Jack CR, Proceedings of the Meeting of the International Working Group (IWG), American Alzheimer’s Association on „The Preclinical State of AD“; July 23, 2015; Washington DC, American Alzheimer’s Association on „The Preclinical State of AD“; July 23, 2015; Washington DC, USA (2016) Preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: definition, natural history, and diagnostic criteria. Alzheimers Dement 12(3):292–323
PubMedCrossRefDuff K, Eckman C, Zehr C et al (1996) Increased amyloid-beta42(43) in brains of mice expressing mutant presenilin 1. Nature 383:710–713
PubMedCrossRefEastley R, Wilcock G, Bucks RS (2000) Vitamin B12 deficiency in dementia and cognitive impairment: the effects of treatment on neuropsychological function. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15:226–233
PubMedCrossRefEhrhardt T, Plattner A (1999) Verhaltenstherapie bei Morbus Alzheimer. Hogrefe, Göttingen
Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, Byrne EJ, Deuschl G, De Deyn PP, Durif F, Kulisevsky J, van Laar T, Lees A, Poewe W, Robillard A, Rosa MM, Wolters E, Quarg P, Tekin S, Lane R (2004) Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 351(24):2509–2518
PubMedCrossRefEmre M, Tsolaki M, Bonuccelli U, Destée A, Tolosa E, Kutzelnigg A, Ceballos-Baumann A, Zdravkovic S, Bladström A, Jones R, 11018 Study Investigators (2010) Memantine for patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 9(10):969–977
Engelborghs S, De Vreese K, Van de Casteele T, Vanderstichele H, Van Everbroeck B, Cras P, Martin J-J, Vanmechelen E, De Deyn PP (2008) Diagnostic performance of a CSF-biomarker panel in autopsy-confirmed dementia. Neurobiol Aging 29(8):1143–1159
PubMedCrossRefErkinjuntti T, Haltia M, Palo J et al (1988) Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of vascular dementia: a prospective clinical and post-mortem neuropathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51:1037–1044
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefErkinjutti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S et al (2002) Galantamine is efficacious in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease. Lancet 359:1283–1290
CrossRefErzigkeit H (1989) Ein Kurztest zur Erfassung von Gedächtnis- und Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen. Manual. Beltz, Weinheim
Ewers M, Mielke MM, Hampel H (2010) Blood-based biomarkers od microvascular pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol 45(1):75–9
PubMedCrossRefEwers M, Mattsson N, Minthon L, Molinuevo JL, Antonell A, Popp J, Jessen F, Herukka S-K, Soininen H, Maetzler W, Leyhe T, Bürger K, Taniguchi M, Urakami K, Lista S, Dubois B, Blennow K, Hampel H (2015) CSF biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a large-scale international multicenter study. Alzheimers Dement 11(11):1306–1315
PubMedCrossRefFabbrini G, Barbanti P, Bonifati V et al (2001) Donepezil in the treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta Neurol Scand 103:123–125
PubMedCrossRefFaltraco F, Bürger K, Zill P et al (2002) Interleukin-6 –174 G/C promoter gene polymorphism C allele reduces Alzheimer’s disease risk. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:578–579
CrossRefFarlow M, Anand R, Messina J Jr et al (2000) 52-week study of the efficacy of rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer’s disease. Eur Neurol 44:236–241
PubMedCrossRefFassbender K, Mielke O, Bertsch T et al (1999) M Homocysteine in cerebral macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. Lancet 353:1586–1587
PubMedCrossRefFassbender K, Masters C, Beyreuther K (2000) Alzheimer’s disease: an inflammatory disease? Neurobiol Aging 21:433–436
PubMedCrossRefFéart C, Samieri C, Rondeau V, Amieva H, Portet F, Dartigues J-F, Scarmeas N, Barberger-Gateau P (2009) Adherence to a Mediterranean diet, cognitive decline, and risk of dementia. JAMA 302(6):638–648
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefFeldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J et al (2001) A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 57:613–620
PubMedCrossRefFeneberg E, Hübers A, Wieshaupt JH, Ludolph A, Otto M (2014) Genetik und Neurochemische Biomarker bei Amyotropher Lateralsklerose und Frontotemporaler Lobärdegeneration. Akt Neurol 41:239–247
CrossRefFeneberg E, Anderl-Straub S, Otto M (2015) Frontotemporale Demenz: vorwiegend Verhaltens- und Sprachstörungen. DNP 16(7–8):42–50
CrossRefFerri CP, Prince M, Brayne C et al (2005) Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet 366:2112–2117
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefFinkel SI, Silver JC, Cohen G et al (1996) Behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia. A concensus statement on current knowledge and implication for research and treatment. Int Psychogeriatr 8(Suppl 3):497–500
PubMedFolstein MF, McHugh PR (1978) The dementia syndrome of depression. In: Katzman R, Terry RD, Bick KL (Hrsg) Alzheimer’s disease: senile dementia and related disorders, Bd 7, Aging. Raven Press, New York, S 87–96
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) „Mini-Mental State“: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12:189–198
PubMedCrossRefFoster NL, Heidebrink JL, Clark CM, Jagust WJ, Arnold SE, Barbas NR, DeCarli CS, Turner RS, Koeppe RA, Higdon R, Minoshima S (2007) FDG-PET improves accuracy in distinguishing frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain 130(Pt 10):2616–2635
PubMedCrossRefFourrier S, Wargny-Citti E, Bertholon F, Chauvot B (1995) District statistical study in 1992. Ann Med Psychol 153:146–148
Frankfort SV, Tulner LR, van Campen JPCM, Verbeek MM, Jansen RWMM, Beijnen JH (2008) Amyloid beta protein and tau in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma as biomarkers for dementia: a review of recent literature. Curr Clin Pharmacol 3(2):123–131
PubMedCrossRefFratiglioni L, Grut M, Forsell Y et al (1991) Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias in an elderly urban population: relationship with age, sex, and education. Neurology 41:1886–1892
PubMedCrossRefFunkenstein HH, Albert MS, Cook NR et al (1993) Extrapyramidal signs and other neurologic findings in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease. A community-based study. Arch Neurol 50:51–56
PubMedCrossRefGalasko D, Kwo-on-Yuen P, Klauber M, Thai LJ (1990) Neurological findings in Alzheimer’s disease and normal aging. Arch Neurol 47:625–627
PubMedCrossRefGalasko D, Clark C, Chang L et al (1997) Assessment of CSF levels of tau protein in mildly demented patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 48:632–635
PubMedCrossRefGalasko D, Chang L, Motter R et al (1998) High CSF tau and low Aβ-42 in the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and relation to APOE genotype. Arch Neurol 55:937–945
PubMedCrossRefGallassi R, Morreale A, DiSarro R, Lugaresi E (1992) Epileptic amnesic syndrome. Epilepsia 33(Suppl 6):21–25
Ganguli M, Du Y, Dodge HH et al (2006) Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in late life: a prospective epidemiological study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:153–160
PubMedCrossRefGao S, Hendrie HC, Hall KS, Hui S (1998) The relationships between age, sex, and the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:809–815
PubMedCrossRefGarry PJ, Goodwin JS, Hunt WC (1984) Folate and vitamin B12 status in a healthy ealderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc 32:719–726
PubMedCrossRefGatz M, Reynolds CA, Fratiglioni L et al (2006) Role of genes and environments for explaining Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:168–174
PubMedCrossRefGauthier S, Feldman H, Hecker J, Vellas B, Ames D, Subbiah P, Whalen E, Emir B, Donepezil MSAD Study Investigators Group (2002) Efficacy of donepezil on behavioral symptoms in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr 14(4):389–404
PubMedCrossRefGerman DC, White CLI, Sparkman DR (1987) Alzheimer’s disease: neurofibrillary tangles in nuclei that project to the cerebral cortex. Neurosci 21:305–312
CrossRefGeula C (1998) Abnormalities of neural circuitry in Alzheimer’s disease. Hippocampus and cortical cholinergic innervation. Neurology 51(Suppl 1):S18–S29
PubMedCrossRefGélinas I, Gauthier L, McIntyre M, Gauthier S (1999) Development of a functional measure for persons with Alzheimer’s disease: the disability assessment for dementia. Am J Occup Ther 53(5):471–481
PubMedCrossRefGeula C, Mesulam MM (1996) Systematic regional variations in the loss of cortical cholinergic fibers in Alzheimer’s disease. Cereb Cortex 6:165–177
PubMedCrossRefGibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC, Asher DM et al (1968) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (spongiform encephalopathy): transmission to the chimpanzee. Science 161:388–389
PubMedCrossRefGill SS, Seitz DP (2007) Association of antipsychotics with mortality among elderly patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15(11):983–984–985
Glenner GG, Wong CW (1984a) Alzheimer’s disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 120:885–890
PubMedCrossRefGlenner GG, Wong CW (1984b) Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome: sharing of a unique cerebrovascular amyloid fibril protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 122:1131–1135
PubMedCrossRefGoate A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mullan M et al (1991) Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 349:704–706
PubMedCrossRefGoedert M (1993) Tau protein and the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Neurosci 16:460–465
PubMedCrossRefGoedert M, Wischik CM, Crowther RA et al (1988) Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA encoding a core protein of the paired helical filament of Alzheimer disease: identification as the microtubule-associated protein tau. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:4051–4055
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoetz CG, Emre M, Dubois B (2008) Parkinson’s disease dementia: definitions, guidelines, and research perspectives in diagnosis. Ann Neurol 64(Suppl 2):S81–92
PubMedGoldgaber D, Lerman MI, McBride OW et al (1987) Characterization and chromosomal localization of a cDNA encoding brain amyloid of Alzheimer’s disease. Science 235:877–880
PubMedCrossRefGomez-Isla T, Price JL, McKeel DWJ et al (1996) Profound loss of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons occurs in very mild Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci 16:4491–4500
PubMedGootjes L, Teipel SJ, Zebuhr Y et al (2004) Regional distribution of white matter hyperintensities in vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and healthy aging. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 18:180–188
PubMedCrossRefGoplen AK, Liestol K, Dunlop O et al (2001) Dementia in AIDS patients in Oslo; the role of HIV encephalitis and CMV encephalitis. Scand J Infect Dis 33:755–758
PubMedCrossRefGorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, Kertesz A, Mendez M, Cappa SF, Ogar JM, Rohrer JD, Black S, Boeve BF, Manes F, Dronkers NF, Vandenberghe R, Rascovsky K, Patterson K, Miller BL, Knopman DS, Hodges JR, Mesulam MM, Grossman M (2011) Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology 76(11):1006–1014
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGotz J, Probst A, Spillantini MG et al (1995) Somatodendritic localization and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in transgenic mice expressing the longest human brain tau isoform. EMBO J 14:1304–1313
PubMedPubMedCentralGraham JE, Rockwood K, Beattie BL et al (1997) Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population. Lancet 349:1793–1796
PubMedCrossRefGraham DI, Gentleman SM, Nicoll JA et al (1999) Is there a genetic basis for the deposition of beta-amyloid after fatal head injury? Cell Mol Neurobiol 19:19–30
PubMedCrossRefGraves AB, vanDuijn CM, Chandra V et al (1991) Alcohol and tobacco consumption as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case–control studies. EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group. Int J Epidemiol 20(Suppl 2):S48–57
PubMedCrossRefGraves AB, Rosner D, Echeverria D et al (1998) Occupational exposure to solvents and aluminium and estimated risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Occup Environ Med 55:627–633
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGraz C, Teipel SJ, Hampel H (2005) Morbus Alzheimer – Pharmakotherapie der Erkrankung und ihrer zusätzlichen psychopathologischen Begleitsymptome. Facharzt 1:16–21
Green RC, Cupples LA, Kurz A et al (2003) Depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: the MIRAGE Study. Arch Neurol 60:753–759
PubMedCrossRefGriffith HR, Stewart CC, den Hollander JA (2009) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dementias and mild cognitive impairment. Int Rev Neurobiol 84:105–131
PubMedCrossRefGrimaldi LM, Casadei VM, Ferri C et al (2000) Association of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease with an interleukin-1alpha gene polymorphism. Ann Neurol 47:361–365
PubMedCrossRefGrundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K, Quinlan M et al (1986) Microtubuli-associated protein tau, a component of Alzheimer paired helical filaments. J Biol Chem 261:6084–6089
PubMedHaan MN, Jagust WJ, Galasko D, Kaye J (2002) Effect of extrapyramidal signs and lewy bodies on survival in patients with Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 59:588–593
PubMedCrossRefHaass C (1996) Presenile because of presenilin: the presenilin genes and early onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Opin Neurol 9:254–259
PubMedCrossRefHaass C (2004) Take five-BACE and the gamma-secretase quartet conduct Alzheimer’s amyloid beta-peptide generation. EMBO J 23:483–488
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefHaass C, Selkoe DJ (1993) Cellular processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein and the genesis of amyloid b- peptide. Cell 75:1039–1042
PubMedCrossRefHaass C, Schlossmacher MG, Hung AY et al (1992) Amyloid beta-peptide is produced by cultured cells during normal metabolism. Nature 359:322–325
PubMedCrossRefHaberstroh J (2008) Berufliche psychische Belastungen, Ressourcen und Beanspruchungen von Altenpflegern in der stationären Dementenbetreuung. In: Pantel J (Hrsg) Psychosoziale Interventionen zur Prävention und Therapie der Demenz, Bd 1. Logos, Berlin
Haberstroh J, Kruse A, Schröder J, Pantel J (2008) Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen zur Steigerung der Lebensqualität demenzkranker Menschen über eine Förderung der Kommunikation und Kooperation in der ambulanten Altenpflege (Quadem). Z Gerontopsychol Psychiatr 21:191–197
Haberstroh J, Neumeyer K, Schmitz B et al (2009) Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Kommunikationstrainings für Altenpfleger in der stationären Betreuung demenzkranker Menschen. Z Gerontol Geriatr 42:108–116
PubMedCrossRefHachinski VC, Lassen NA, Marshall J (1974) Multi-infarct dementia. A cause of mental deterioration in the elderly. Lancet 2:207–210
PubMedCrossRefHäfner H (1990) Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease. In: Maurer K, Riederer P, Beckmann H (Hrsg) Alzheimer’s disease. Epidemiology, neuropathology, neurochemistry and clinics. Springer, Wien/New York, S 23–39
CrossRefHakim CA, Hakim R, Hakim S (2001) Normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Clin N Am 12:761–773
PubMedHamann GF, Okada Y, Fitridge R, Del Zoppo GJ (1995) Microvascular basal lamina disappears during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Stroke 26:2120–2126
PubMedCrossRefHamann GF, Okada Y, Del Zoppo GJ (1996) Hemorrhagic transformation and microvascular integrity during focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16:1373–1378
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Blennow K (2004) CSF tau and β-amyloid as biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Dialog Clin Neurosci 6:379–390
Hampel H, Broich K (2009) Enrichment of MCI and early Alzheimer’s disease treatment trials using neurochemical and imaging candidate biomarkers. J Nutr Health Aging 13:373–375
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Lista S (2016) Dementia: the rising global tide of cognitive impairment. Nat Rev Neurol 12(3):131–132
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Pantel J (2008) Aktuelle Frühdiagnostik der Alzheimer Demenz. Neurotransmitter 19:26–32
Hampel H, Muller-Spahn F, Berger C et al (1995) Evidence of blood-cerebrospinal fluid-barrier impairment in a subgroup of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and major depression: a possible indicator for immunoactivation. Dementia 6:348–354
PubMedHampel H, Kötter HU, Möller HJ (1997) Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier dysfunction for high molecular weight proteins in Alzheimer disease and major depression: indication for disease subsets. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 11:78–87
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Sunderland T, Kotter HU et al (1998) Decreased soluble interleukin-6 receptor in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 780:356–359
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Kötter HU, Padberg F et al (1999) Oligoclonal IgG bands and blood-cerebrospinal-fluid-barrier dysfunction in a subset of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: comparison with vascular dementia, major depression, and multiple sclerosis. Alzheimer’s Dis Assoc Disord 13:9–19
CrossRefHampel H, Bürger K, Kohnken R et al (2001) Tracking of Alzheimer’s disease progression with CSF tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231. Ann Neurol 49:545–546
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Teipel SJ, Alexander GE et al (2002a) In vivo imaging of region and cell type specific neocortical neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease: perspectives of MRI derived corpus callosum measurement for mapping disease progression and effects of therapy – evidence from studies with MRI, EEG and PET. J Neural Transm 109(Suppl 5–6):837–855
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Teipel SJ, Bayer W et al (2002b) Age transformation of combined hippocampus and amygdala volume improves diagnostic accuracy in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 194:15–19
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Goernitz A, Buerger K (2003) Advances in the development of biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: from CSF total tau and Abeta(1–42) proteins to phosphorylated tau protein. Brain Res Bull 61:243–253
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Bürger K, Zinkowski R et al (2004a) Measurement of phosphorylated tau epitopes in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer disease: a comparative cerebrospinal fluid study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:95–102
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Teipel SJ, Fuchsberger T et al (2004b) Value of CSF β-Amyloid1-42 and tau as predictors of Alzheimer’s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Mol Psychiatry 9:705–710
PubMedHampel H, Bürger K, Pruessner JC et al (2005) Correlation of cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231 with rates of hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 62:770–773
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Broich K, Hössler Y et al (2009) Biological markers for early detection and pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 11:141–157
PubMedPubMedCentralHampel H, Blennow K, Shaw LM et al (2010a) Total and phosphorylated tau protein as biological markers of Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol 45(1):30–40
PubMedCrossRefHampel H, Shen Y, Walsh DM et al (2010b) Biological markers of amyloid beta-related mechanism in Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Neurol 223(2):334–46
PubMedCrossRefHansen LA, DeTeresa R, Davies P, Terry RD (1988) Neocortical morphometry, lesion counts, and choline acetyltransferase levels in the age spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 38:48–54
PubMedCrossRefHansson O, Zetterberg H, Buchhave P et al (2006) Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer’s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Lancet Neurol 5:228–234
PubMedCrossRefHardy J, Selkoe DJ (2002) The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 297:353–356
PubMedCrossRefHarold D, Abraham R, Hollingwoth P et al (2009) Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and PICALM associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet 1:1088–1093
CrossRefHarvey R, Fox N, Rossor M (1999) Blood tests and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid. In: Harvey R, Fox N, Rossor M (Hrsg) Dementia handbook. Martin Dunitz, London, S 25–28, 41–43
Hatanpää K, Isaacs KR, Shirao T (1999) Loss of proteins regulating synaptic plasticity in normal aging of the human brain and in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58:637–643
PubMedCrossRefHaupt M (1996) Nicht-kognitive Veränderungen. Psycho 22:562–566
Haupt M (1999) The course of behavior disorders and their psychosocial treatment in patients with dementia. Review. Rev Z Gerontol Geriatr 32:159–166
CrossRefHaupt M, Kurz A (1993) Predictors of nursing home placements in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 8:741–746
CrossRefHauw JJ, Seilhean D, Duyckaerts C (1998) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In: Ginsberg MD, Bogousslavsky J (Hrsg) Cerebrovascular disease, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Blackwell, Malden/Oxford/London/Edinburgh/Carlton, S 1772–1794
Hennerici MG (1997) Vaskuläre Demenzen. In: Förstl H (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Gerontopsychiatrie. Enke, Stuttgart, S 309–330
Henriksen K, O’Bryant SE, Hampel H, Trojanowski JQ, Montine TJ, Jeromin A, Blennow K, Lönneborg A, Wyss-Coray T, Soares H, Bazenet C, Sjögren M, Hu W, Lovestone S, Karsdal MA, Weiner MW, Blood-Based Biomarker Interest Group (2014) The future of blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 10(1):115–131
PubMedCrossRefHerholz K (2003) PET studies in dementia. Ann Nucl Med 17:79–89
PubMedCrossRefHerholz K, Schopphoff H, Schmidt M et al (2002) Direct comparison of spatially normalized PET and SPECT scans in Alzheimer’s disease. J Nucl Med 43:21–26
PubMedHerholz K, Carter SF, Jones M (2007) Positron emission tomography imaging in dementia. Br J Radiol 80(Spec No 2):160–167
CrossRefHerreman A, Serneels L, Annaert W et al (2000) Total inactivation of gamma-secretase activity in presenilin-deficient embryonic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2:461–462
PubMedCrossRefHerrmann N, Rabheru K, Wang J, Binder C (2005) Galantamine treatment of problematic behavior in Alzheimer disease: post-hoc analysis of pooled data from three large trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 13(6):527–534
PubMedCrossRefHerrmann N, Rothenburg LS, Black SE, Ryan M, Liu BA, Busto UE, Lanctôt KL (2008) Methylphenidate for the treatment of apathy in Alzheimer disease: prediction of response using dextroamphetamine challenge. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28(3):296–301
PubMedCrossRefHerrmann N, Gauthier S, Boneva N, Lemming OM, 10158 Investigators (2013) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of memantine in a behaviorally enriched sample of patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr 25(6):919–927
PubMedCrossRefHerukka SK, Helisalmi S, Hallikainen M et al (2006) CSF Abeta42, Tau and phosphorylated Tau, APOE varepsilon4 allele and MCI type in progressive MCI. Neurobiol Aging 28:507–514
PubMedCrossRefHeser K, Tebarth F, Wiese B, Eisele M, Bickel H, Köhler M, Mösch E, Weyerer S, Werle J, König H-H, Leicht H, Pentzek M, Fuchs A, Riedel-Heller SG, Luppa M, Prokein J, Scherer M, Maier W, Wagner M, Age CoDe Study Group (2013) Age of major depression onset, depressive symptoms, and risk for subsequent dementia: results of the German study on Ageing, Cognition, and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe). Psychol Med 43(8):1597–1610
PubMedCrossRefHesse C, Rosengren L, Andreasen N et al (2001) Transient increase in total tau but not phospho-tau in human cerebrospinal fluid after acute stroke. Neurosci Lett 297:187–190
PubMedCrossRefHeyman A, Wilkinson WE, Hurwitz BJ et al (1987) Early-onset alzheimer’s disease: clinical predictors of institutionalization and death. Neurology 37:980–984
PubMedCrossRefHeyman A, Peterson B, Fillenbaum G, Pieper C (1996) The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer’s disease (CERAD). Part XIV: demographic and clinical predictors of survival in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 46:656–660
PubMedCrossRefHindmarch I, Lehfeld H, de Jongh P, Erzigkeit H (1998) The Bayer Activities of Daily Living scale (B-ADL). Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 9(Suppl 2):20–26
PubMedCrossRefHirsch C, Bartenstein P, Minoshima S et al (1997) Reduction of regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive impairement in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: evaluation of an observer-independent analytic approach. Dementia 8:98–104
Hobson P, Meara J (2004) Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson’s disease in the United Kingdom. Mov Disord 19(9):1043–1049
PubMedCrossRefHodges JR (2007) Overview of frontotemporal dementia. In: Hodges JR (Hrsg) Frontotemporal dementia syndromes, 1. Aufl. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, S 1–24
CrossRefHogan DB, Jetté N, Fiest KM, Roberts JI, Pearson D, Smith EE, Roach P, Kirk A, Pringsheim T, Maxwell CJ (2016) The prevalence and incidence of frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review. Can J Neurol Sci 43(Suppl 1):96–109
CrossRefHollingworth P, Harold D, Sims R, Gerrish A, Lambert J-C, Carrasquillo MM, Abraham R, Hamshere ML, Pahwa JS, Moskvina V, Dowzell K, Jones N, Stretton A, Thomas C, Richards A, Ivanov D, Widdowson C, Chapman J, Lovestone S, Powell J, Proitsi P, Lupton MK, Brayne C, Rubinsztein DC, Gill M, Lawlor B, Lynch A, Brown KS, Passmore PA, Craig D, McGuinness B, Todd S, Holmes C, Mann D, Smith AD, Beaumont H, Warden D, Wilcock G, Love S, Kehoe PG, Hooper NM, Vardy ERLC, Hardy J, Mead S, Fox NC, Rossor M, Collinge J, Maier W, Jessen F, Rüther E, Schürmann B, Heun R, Kölsch H, van den Bussche H, Heuser I, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J, Dichgans M, Frölich L, Hampel H, Gallacher J, Hüll M, Rujescu D, Giegling I, Goate AM, Kauwe JSK, Cruchaga C, Nowotny P, Morris JC, Mayo K, Sleegers K, Bettens K, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Livingston G, Bass NJ, Gurling H, McQuillin A, Gwilliam R, Deloukas P, Al-Chalabi A, Shaw CE, Tsolaki M, Singleton AB, Guerreiro R, Mühleisen TW, Nöthen MM, Moebus S, Jöckel K-H, Klopp N, Wichmann H-E, Pankratz VS, Sando SB, Aasly JO, Barcikowska M, Wszolek ZK, Dickson DW, Graff-Radford NR, Petersen RC, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Williams J et al (2011) Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet 43(5):429–435
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefHolmes C, Cairns N, Lantos P, Mann A (1999) Validity of current clinical criteria for Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Br J Psychiatry 174:45–50
PubMedCrossRefHolton L, Revesz T, Crooks R, Scaravilli F (2002) Evidence for pathological involvement of the spinal cord in motor neuron disease-inclusion dementia. Acta Neuropathol 103:221–227
PubMedCrossRefHorn R (1996) Organische psychische Störungen. In: Möller HJ, Laux G, Deister A (Hrsg) Psychiatrie. Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart, S 160–204
Howard RJ, Juszczak E, Ballard CG, Bentham P, Brown RG, Bullock R, Burns AS, Holmes C, Jacoby R, Johnson T, Knapp M, Lindesay J, O’Brien JT, Wilcock G, Katona C, Jones RW, DeCesare J, Rodger M, CALM-AD Trial Group (2007) Donepezil for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 357(14):1382–1392
PubMedCrossRefHsich G, Kenney K, Gibbs CJ et al (1996) The 14-3-3 brain protein in cerebrospinal fluid as a marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. N Engl J Med 335:924–930
PubMedCrossRefHuang DY, Goedert M, Jakes R et al (1994) Isoformspecific interactions of apoliporpotein E with the microtubule-associated protein MAP2c: implications for Alzehiemr’s disease. Neurosci Lett 21:55–58
CrossRefHübers A, Ludolph AC, Rosenbohm A, Pinkhardt EH, Weishaupt JH, Dorst J (2016) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Multisystem degeneration. Nervenarzt 87(2):179–188
PubMedCrossRefHuff FJ, Growdon JM (1986) Neurological abnormalities associated with severity of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci 13:403–405
PubMedCrossRefHughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL et al (1982) A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 140:566–572
PubMedCrossRefHulstaert F, Blennow K, Ivanoiu A et al (1999) Improved discrimination of AD patients -amyloid (1–42) and tau levels in CSF. Neurology 52:1555–1562
PubMedCrossRefHunter R, Jones M (1967) Serum B12 and folate concentrations in mental patients. Br J Psychiatry 113:1291–1295
CrossRefHutton M, Lendon CL, Rizzu P et al (1998) Association of missense and 5’-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17. Nature 393:702–705
PubMedCrossRefHutzelmann A, Biederer J (1998) MRI follow-up in a case of clinically diagnosed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur Radiol 8:421–423
PubMedCrossRefHyman BT, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Carrillo MC, Dickson DW, Duyckaerts C, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Mirra SS, Nelson PT, Schneider JA, Thal DR, Thies B, Trojanowski JQ, Vinters HV, Montine TJ (2012) National Institute on Aging-Alzhei-mer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease (NIA-AA). Alzheimers Dement 8(1):1–13
Ihl R, Grass-Kapanke B, Lahrem P et al (2000) Entwicklung und Validierung eines Tests zur Früherkennung der Demenz mit Depressionsabgrenzung (TFDD). Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 68:413–422
PubMedCrossRefin-‘t-Veld BA, Launer LJ, Hoes AW et al (1998) NSAIDs and incidend Alzheimer’s disease. The Rotterdam Study. Neurobiol Aging 19:607–611
Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG) (Hrsg) (2007) Cholinesterasehemmer bei Alzheimer Demenz. Abschlussbericht A05–19A (Version 1.0), Köln. Zugegriffen am 07.02.2007.
International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA) (2000) Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). A clinical and research update. Int Psychogeriatr 12:9–424
Iqbal K, Alonso AD, Gondal JA et al (2000) Mechanism of neurofibrillary degeneration and pharmacologic therapeutic approach. J Neural Transm 59(Suppl):213–222
IQWiG (2007) Cholinesterasehemmer bei Alzheimer Demenz. Abschlussbericht A05-19A. Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG), Köln
IQWiG (2008a) Ginkgohaltige Präparate bei Alzheimer Demenz. Abschlussbericht A05-19B. Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG)
IQWiG (2008b) Nicht-medikamentöse Behandlung deri Alzheimer Demenz. Abschlussbericht A05-19D. Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG), Köln
Ishikawa M (2001) Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Nippon Rinsho 59(Suppl 8):551–560
PubMedItoh N, Arai H, Urakami K et al (2001) Large-scale, multicenter study of cerebrospinal fluid tau protein phosphorylated at serine 199 for the antemortem diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 50:150–156
PubMedCrossRefJack CR, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, Petersen RC, Trojanowski JQ (2010) Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol 9(1):119–128
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefJack CR, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Rocca WA, Knopman DS, Mielke MM, Lowe VJ, Senjem ML, Gunter JL, Preboske GM, Pankratz VS, Vemuri P, Petersen RC (2014) Age-specific population frequencies of cerebral β-amyloidosis and neurodegeneration among people with normal cognitive function aged 50–89 years: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol 13(10):997–1005
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefJanke C, Beck M, Stahl T et al (1999) Phylogenetic diversity of the expression of the microtubule-associated protein tau: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 68:119–128
PubMedCrossRefJedrziewski MK, Lee VM-Y, Trojanowski JQ (2005) Lowering the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: evidence-based proctices emerge from new research. Alzheimers Dement 1:152–160
PubMedCrossRefJellinger KA, Attems J (2007) Neuropathological evaluation of mixed dementia. J Neurol Sci 257(1–2):80–87
PubMedCrossRefJensen K, Abel U (1999) Methodology of diagnostic validation studies. Errors in planning and analysis. Med Klin (Munich) 94:522–529
CrossRefJeong Y, Park KC, Cho SS, Kim EJ, Kang SJ, Kim SE, Kang E, Na DL (2005) Pattern of glucose hypometabolism in frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease. Neurology 64(4):734–736
PubMedCrossRefJohansson A, Hampel H, Faltraco F et al (2003) Increased frequency of a new polymorphism in the cell division cycle 2 (cdc2) gene in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurosci Lett 340:69–73
PubMedCrossRefJohnson RT, Gibbs CJ (1998) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. N Engl J Med 339:1994–2004
PubMedCrossRefJohnson GV, Seubert P, Cox TM et al (1997) The tau protein in human cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease consists of proteolytically derived fragments. J Neurochem 68:430–433
PubMedCrossRefJohnson KA, Fox NC, Sperling RA, Klunk WE (2012) Brain imaging in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2(4):a006213
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefJohnson KA, Minoshima S, Bohnen NI, Donohoe KJ, Foster NL, Herscovitch P, Karlawish JH, Rowe CC, Carrillo MC, Hartley DM, Hedrick S, Pappas V, Thies WH, Alzheimer’s Association, Society of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Amyloid Imaging Taskforce (2013) Appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET: a report of the Amyloid Imaging Task Force, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and the Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimers Dement 9(1):e1–16
CrossRefJohnson KA, Minoshima S, Bohnen NI, Donohoe KJ, Foster NL, Herscovitch P, Karlawish JH, Rowe CC, Carrillo MC, Hartley DM, Hedrick S, Pappas V, Thies WH, Alzheimer’s Association, Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Amyloid Imaging Taskforce (2013) Appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET: a report of the Amyloid Imaging Task Force, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and the Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimers Dement 9(1):e-1–16
CrossRefJohnson KA, Schultz A, Betensky RA, Becker JA, Sepulcre J, Rentz D, Mormino E, Chhatwal J, Amariglio R, Papp K, Marshall G, Albers M, Mauro S, Pepin L, Alverio J, Judge K, Philiossaint M, Shoup T, Yokell D, Dickerson B, Gomez-Isla T, Hyman B, Vasdev N, Sperling R (2016) Tau positron emission tomographic imaging in aging and early Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 79(1):110–119
PubMedCrossRefJorm AF, Jolley D (1998) The incidence of dementia. A meta-analysis. Neurology 51:728–733
PubMedCrossRefJoutel A, Andreux F, Gaulis S et al (2000a) The ectodomain of the notch3 receptor accumulates within the cerebrovasculature of CADASIL patients. J Clin Invest 105:597–605
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefJoutel A, Dodick DD, Parisi JE et al (2000b) De novo mutation in the Notch3 gene causing CADASIL. Ann Neurol 47:388–391
PubMedCrossRefJoya-Pardo CJ, Londono JL, Pardo CA (1991) Risk factors in clinical diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease: a case–control study in Columbia (South America). In: Iqbal K, McLachlan DRC, Winblad B, Wisniewski HM (Hrsg) Alzheimer’s disease: basic mechanisms, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Wiley , Chichester/New York/Toronto/Singapore, S 363–368
Kalbe E, Kessler J, Calabrese P, Smith R, Passmore AP, Brand M, Bullock R (2004) DemTect: a new, sensitive cognitive screening test to support the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and early dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19(2):136–143
PubMedCrossRefKales HC, Kim HM, Zivin K, Valenstein M, Seyfried LS, Chiang C, Cunningham F, Schneider LS, Blow FC (2012) Risk of mortality among individual antipsychotics in patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry 169(1):71–79
PubMedCrossRefKamboh MI, Sanghera DK, Ferrell RE, DeKosky ST (1995) APOE4-associated Alzheimer’s disease risk modified by α1-antichymotrypsin polymorphism. Nature Genet 10:486–488
PubMedCrossRefKarlsson I, Godderis J, Augusto De Mendonça Lima C, Nygaard H, Simányi M, Taal M, Eglin M (2000) A randomised, double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of citalopram compared to mianserin in elderly, depressed patients with or without mild to moderate dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15(4):295–305
PubMedCrossRefKatona CL, Hunter BN, Bray J (1998) A double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safely of paroxetine and imipramine in the treatment of depression with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 13(2):100–108
PubMedCrossRefKawamura J, Meyer JS, Ichijo M et al (1993) Correlations of leuko-araiosis with cerebral atrophy and perfusion in elderly normal subjects and demented patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56:182–187
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefKeefover RW (1996) The clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurol Clin 14:337–351
PubMedCrossRefKeir SL, Wardlaw JM (2000) Systematic review of diffusion and perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 31:2723–2731
PubMedCrossRefKertesz A, Nadkarni N, Davidson W, Thomas AW (2000) The frontal behavioral inventory in the differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 6(4):460–468
PubMedCrossRefKessler J, Calabrese P, Kalbe E, Berger F (2000) DemTect: ein neues Screening-Verfahren zur Unterstützung der Demenzdiagnostik. Psycho 26:343–347
Kipps CM, Davies RR, Mitchell J, Kril JJ, Halliday GM, Hodges JR (2007) Clinical significance of lobar atrophy in frontotemporal dementia: application of an MRI visual rating scale. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 23(5):334–342
PubMedCrossRefKivipelto M, Solomon A (2008) Alzheimer’s disease – the ways of prevention. J Nutr 12(1):89S–94S
Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Fratiglioni L et al (2005) Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 62:1556–1560
PubMedCrossRefKötter HU, Hampel H (1998) Komorbidität dementieller Erkrankungen. Fortschr Med 116:44–46
PubMedKraemer HC, Taylor JL, Tinklenberg JR, Yesavage JA (1998) The stages of Alzheimer’s disease: a reappraisal. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 9(6):299–308
PubMedCrossRefKretzschmar HA, Ironside JW, DeArmond SJ, Tateishi J (1996) Diagnostic criteria for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Arch Neurol 53:913–920
PubMedCrossRefKrueger CE, Dean DL, Rosen HJ, Halabi C, Weiner M, Miller BL, Kramer JH (2010) Longitudinal rates of lobar atrophy in frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 24(1):43–48
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefKuwert T, Bartenstein P, Grunwald F et al (1998) Klinische Wertigkeit der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie in der Neuromedizin. Positionspapier zu den Ergebnissen einer interdisziplinären Konsensuskonferenz Clinical significance of positron emission tomography in neuromedicine A position paper on the results of an interdisciplinary consensus conference. Nervenarzt 69:1045–1060
PubMedCrossRefLachner G, Engel RR (1994) Differentiation of dementia and depression by memory tests. A meta-analysis. J Nerv Ment Dis 182:34–39
PubMedCrossRefLaFerla FM, Oddo S (2005) Alzheimer’s disease: Abeta, tau and synaptic dysfunction. Trends Mol Med 11:170–176
PubMedCrossRefLambert J-C, Heath S, Even G, Campion D, Sleegers K, Hiltunen M, Combarros O, Zelenika D, Bullido MJ, Tavernier B, Letenneur L, Bettens K, Berr C, Pasquier F, Fiévet N, Barberger-Gateau P, Engelborghs S, De Deyn P, Mateo I, Franck A, Helisalmi S, Porcellini E, Hanon O, European Alzheimer’s Disease Initiative Investigators, de Pancorbo MM, Lendon C, Dufouil C, Jaillard C, Leveillard T, Alvarez V, Bosco P, Mancuso M, Panza F, Nacmias B, Bossù P, Piccardi P, Annoni G, Seripa D, Galimberti D, Hannequin D, Licastro F, Soininen H, Ritchie K, Blanché H, Dartigues J-F, Tzourio C, Gut I, Van Broeckhoven C, Alpérovitch A, Lathrop M, Amouyel P (2009) Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and CR1 associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet 41(10):1094–1099
Lambert JC, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Harold D, Naj AC, Sims R, Bellenguez C, DeStafano AL, Bis JC, Beecham GW, Grenier-Boley B, Russo G, Thorton-Wells TA, Jones N, Smith AV, Chouraki V, Thomas C, Ikram MA, Zelenika D, Vardarajan BN, Kamatani Y, Lin CF, Gerrish A, Schmidt H, Kunkle B, Dunstan ML, Ruiz A, Bihoreau MT, Choi SH, Reitz C, Pasquier F, Cruchaga C, Craig D, Amin N, Berr C, Lopez OL, De Jager PL, Deramecourt V, Johnston JA, Evans D, Lovestone S, Letenneur L, Morón FJ, Rubinsztein DC, Eiriksdottir G, Sleegers K, Goate AM, Fiévet N, Huentelman MW, Gill M, Brown K, Kamboh MI, Keller L, Barberger-Gateau P, McGuiness B, Larson EB, Green R, Myers AJ, Dufouil C, Todd S, Wallon D, Love S, Rogaeva E, Gallacher J, St George-Hyslop P, Clarimon J, Lleo A, Bayer A, Tsuang DW, Yu L, Tsolaki M, Bossù P, Spalletta G, Proitsi P, Collinge J, Sorbi S, Sanchez-Garcia F, Fox NC, Hardy J, Deniz Naranjo MC, Bosco P, Clarke R, Brayne C, Galimberti D, Mancuso M, Matthews F, European Alzheimer’s Disease Initiative (EADI), Genetic and Environmental Risk in Alzheimer’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease Genetic Consortium, Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology, Moebus S, Mecocci P, Del Zompo M, Maier W, Hampel H, Pilotto A, Bullido M, Panza F, Caffarra P, Nacmias B, Gilbert JR, Mayhaus M, Amouyel P, et al (2013) Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet 45(12):1452–1458
Lange C, Müller D, Claus D et al (1990) Neuropsychological findings in treated Wilson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand 81:75–81
CrossRefLashley T, Rohrer JD, Mead S, Revesz T (2015) Review: an update on clinical, genetic and pathological aspects of frontotemporal lobar degenerations. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 41(7):858–881
PubMedCrossRefLauner LJ, Andersen K, Dewey ME et al (1999) Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses. EURODEM Incidence Research Group and Work Groups. European Studies of Dementia. Neurology 52:78–84
PubMedCrossRefLauter H et al (1988) Die organischen Psychosyndrome. In: Kisker KP, Lauter H, Meyer JE (Hrsg) Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, Bd 6, 3. Aufl. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokio, S 4–56
Lawton MP, Brody EM (1969) Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 9(3):179–186
PubMedCrossRefLee PN (1994) Smoking and Alzheimer’s disease: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Neuroepidemiology 13:131–144
PubMedCrossRefLee VM, Goedert M, Trojanowski JQ (2001) Neurodegenerative tauopathies. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:1121–1159
PubMedCrossRefLee JH, Cheng R, Barral S, Reitz C, Medrano M, Lantigua R, Jiménez-Velazquez IZ, Rogaeva E, St George-Hyslop PH, Mayeux R (2011) Identification of novel loci for Alzheimer disease and replication of CLU, PICALM, and BIN1 in Caribbean Hispanic individuals. Arch Neurol 68(3):320–328
PubMedCrossRefLeenders KL (2003) Significance of non-presynaptic SPECT tracer methods in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 18:39–42
CrossRefLeuchter AF, Spar JE, Walter DO, Weiner H (1987) Electroencephalographic spectra and coherence in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s-type and multi-infarct dementia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:993–998
PubMedCrossRefLewczuk P, Zimmermann R, Wiltfang J, Kornhuber J (2009) Neurochemical dementia diagnostics: a simple algorithm for interpretation of the CSF biomarkers. J Neural Transm 116(9):1163–7
PubMedCrossRefLewczuk P, Kornhuber J, German Dementia Competence Network, Toledo JB, Trojanowski JQ, Knapik-Czajka M, Peters O, Wiltfang J, Shaw LM, US-ADNI (2015a) Validation of the Erlangen Score Algorithm for the Prediction of the Development of Dementia due to Alzheimer’s Disease in Pre-Dementia Subjects. J Alzheimers Dis 48(2):433–441
Lewczuk P, Lelental N, Spitzer P, Maler JM, Kornhuber J (2015b) Amyloid-β 42/40 cerebrospinal fluid concentration ratio in the diagnostics of Alzheimer’s disease: validation of two novel assays. J Alzheimers Dis 43(1):183–191. doi: 10.3233/JAD-140771
Lewis J, Dickson DW, Lin WL et al (2001) Enhanced neurofibrillary degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutant tau and APP. Science 293:1487–1491
PubMedCrossRefLeys D, Pasquier F, Parnetti L (1998) Epidemiology of vascular dementia. Haemostasis 28:134–150
PubMedLiebetrau M, Herzog J, Kloss CU et al (2002) Prolonged cerebral transit time in CADASIL: a transcranial ultrasound study. Stroke 33:509–512
PubMedCrossRefLindsay J, Hebert R, Rockwood K (1997) The Canadian study of health and aging: risk factors for vascular dementia. Stroke 28:526–530
PubMedCrossRefLip GY, Beevers DG (2001) ACE inhibitors in vascular disease: some PROGRESS, more HOPE. J Hum Hypertens 15:833–835
PubMedCrossRefLitvan I (2001) Diagnosis and management of progressive supranuclear palsy. Semin Neurol 21:41–48
PubMedCrossRefLitvan I, Phipps M, Pharr VL et al (2001) Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 57:467–473
PubMedCrossRefLiu CK, Miller BL, Cummings JL et al (1992) A quantitative MRI study of vascular dementia. Neurology 42:138–143
PubMedCrossRefLiu HC, Lin KN, Teng EL et al (1995) Prevalence and subtypes of dementia in Taiwan: a community survey of 5297 individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc 43:144–149
PubMedCrossRefLivingston G, Johnston K, Katona C et al (2005) Systematic review of psychological approaches to the management of neuropsychitric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry 162:1996–2021
PubMedCrossRefLoeb C (1985) Vascular dementia. In: Fredericks JAM (Hrsg) Handbook of clinical neurolog, Bd 2, Neurobehavorial disorders. Elsevier, Amsterdam, S 353–369
Loeb C (1990) Vascular dementia: terminologiy and classification. In: Chopra JS, Jagannathan K, Sawhney IMS, Lechner H, Szendey GL (Hrsg) Current concepts in stroke and vascular dementia. Elsevier, Amsterdam, S 73–82
Loeb C (1995) Dementia due to lacunar infarctions: a misnomer or a clinical entity? Eur Neurol 35:187–192
PubMedCrossRefLoeb C, Meyer JS (1996) Vascular dementia: still a debatable entity? J Neurol Sci 143:31–40
PubMedCrossRefLoeb C, Gandolfo C, Croce R, Conti M (1992) Dementia associated with lacunar infarction. Stroke 23:1225–1229
PubMedCrossRefLonergan E, Luxenberg J, Colford J (2002) Haloperidol for agitation in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD002852
Longstreth WT Jr, Manolio TA, Arnold A et al (1996) Clinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people. Stroke 27:1274–1282
PubMedCrossRefLooi JCL, Sachdev PS (1999) Differentiation of vascular dementia from AD on neuropsychological tests. Neurology 53:670–678
PubMedCrossRefLöppönen MK, Isoaho RE, Räihä IJ, Vahlberg TJ, Loikas SM, Takala TI, Puolijoki H, Irjala KM, Kivelä S-L (2004) Undiagnosed diseases in patients with dementia – a potential target group for intervention. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 18(3–4):321–329
PubMedCrossRefLoy C, Schneider L (2006) Galantamine for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD001747
Lu PH, Mendez MF, Lee GJ, Leow AD, Lee H-W, Shapira J, Jimenez E, Boeve BB, Caselli RJ, Graff-Radford NR, Jack CR, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Bartzokis G, Thompson PM, Knopman DS (2013) Patterns of brain atrophy in clinical variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 35(1–2):34–50
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefMaddalena A, Papassotiropoulos A, Muller-Tillmanns B et al (2003) Biochemical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid ratio of phosphorylated tau protein to beta-amyloid peptide42. Arch Neurol 60:1202–1206
PubMedCrossRefMaier W, Barnikol UB (2014) Neurokognitive Störungen im DSM-5: Durchgreifende Änderungen in der Demenzdiagnostik. Nervenarzt 85(5):564–570
PubMedCrossRefMasters CL, Simms G, Weinman NA et al (1985) Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:4245–4249
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefMattson N, Zetterberg H, Hansson O et al (2009) CSF biomarkers and icipient Alzheimer’s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. JAMA 302:385–393
CrossRefMayeux R, Denaro J, Hemenegildo N et al (1992) A population-based investigation of Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Relationship to age and gender. Arch Neurol 49:492–497
PubMedCrossRefMayeux R, Saunders AM, Shea S, Mirra S, Evans D, Roses AD, Hyman BT, Crain B, Tang MX, Phelps CH (1998) Utility of the apolipoprotein E genotype in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Disease Centers Consortium on apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 338(8):506–511
PubMedCrossRefMcKeith IG (2002) Dementia with Lewy bodies. Br J Psychiatry 180:144–147
PubMedCrossRefMcKeith IG, Fairbairn A, Perry R et al (1992) E Neuroleptic sensitivity in patients with senile dementia of Lewy body type. BMJ 305:673–678
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefMcKeith IG, Galasko D, Kosaka K et al (1996) Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the consortium on DLB international workshop. Neurology 47:1113–1124
PubMedCrossRefMcKeith IG, O’Brien JT, Ballard C (1999) Diagnosing dementia with Lewy bodies. Lancet 354:1227–1228
PubMedCrossRefMcKeith I, Del Ser T, Spano P, Emre M, Wesnes K, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Ferrara R, Spiegel R (2000) Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet 356(9247):2031–2036
PubMedCrossRefMcKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O’Brien JT, Feldman H, Cummings J, Duda JE, Lippa C, Perry EK, Aarsland D, Arai H, Ballard CG, Boeve B, Burn DJ, Costa D, Del Ser T, Dubois B, Galasko D, Gauthier S, Goetz CG, Gomez-Tortosa E, Halliday G, Hansen LA, Hardy J, Iwatsubo T, Kalaria RN, Kaufer D, Kenny RA, Korczyn A, Kosaka K, Lee VMY, Lees A, Litvan I, Londos E, Lopez OL, Minoshima S, Mizuno Y, Molina JA, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Pasquier F, Perry RH, Schulz JB, Trojanowski JQ, Yamada M, Consortium on DLB (2005) Diagnosis and manageme